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275) or CI (p= 0.789) workouts in supplements and placebo groups.

These results indicate that acute consumption of pre-workout carbohydrateprotein supplement may not enhance the CrossFit athletes' performance in FGB and CI workouts.

These results indicate that acute consumption of pre-workout carbohydrateprotein supplement may not enhance the CrossFit athletes' performance in FGB and CI workouts.

There is a scarcity of epidemiological studies on back injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB). In our study, we explore all back related injuries in the MLB from 2010 to 2016 (inclusive) in an aim to help better understand these injuries, assess their risks, and improve their prevention policies.

The transaction lists from the MLB website were screened for back injuries from 2010 THROUGH 2016. Only players who were placed on the disabled list (DL) for one or more days due to back-related injury were included in our study. Our database included the player's position, team, injury location, injury type, days spent on the DL and month of injury occurrence.

254 back injuries, an equivalent of 7% of all injuries, were recorded between 2010 and 2016 (inclusive). These injuries increased from 2010 to 2016. Back related injuries were found to place players on the disabled list for around 54 days. Injuries were recorded mostly during April, and strain was significantly greater than any other type of injury (P value <0.001).

Back injuries are prevalent in the MLB. Better understanding of the trends and patterns of these injuries will help in establishing better prevention policies.

Back injuries are prevalent in the MLB. Better understanding of the trends and patterns of these injuries will help in establishing better prevention policies.

Over the last half-century, different stoichiometric equations for calculating the energy cost of exercise based upon the combustion of mixtures of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins have been proposed and modified. this website With the means of indirect calorimetry, while measuring oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and urinary urea nitrogen excretion, the contribution of specific substrates to overall energy production can be estimated. However, even with their long history of application, no previous studies have evaluated whether the use of different stoichiometric equations provides similar or distinct maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) responses and information regarding MFO location (FATmax) in male athletes.

Twenty healthy male athletes performed graded exercise testing (GXT) cycle ergometry using breath by breath gas analysis to assess fat oxidation and maximal oxygen uptake. Analysis of variance followed by within-equation effects, within-equation factors, and post hoc pairwise comparisons were used to examine within-equation differences.

Compared stoichiometric equations demonstrated significant differences in the mean and maximal fat oxidation rates, varying up to nearly 7 %. FATmax differences, however, were not noticed.

Our findings suggest that for within-study designs, the equation used appears to be less important, but when inter-study comparisons are planned, caution is in order due to the presence of inter-equation differences.

Our findings suggest that for within-study designs, the equation used appears to be less important, but when inter-study comparisons are planned, caution is in order due to the presence of inter-equation differences.

Primary knee osteoarthritis is the leading cause of chronic disability and pain among adults worldwide. Retro-walking has been shown to reduce patellofemoral pain, increases functional capability while strengthening the lower limbs and improving proprioception and balance. We aim to examine the effects of retro-walking on symptoms, pain, and perceived ability to perform daily activities in comparison to forward-walking in subjects with primary knee osteoarthritis.

This was a single-blinded, randomised control trial involving 34 subjects between the age of 45-70 years (58.41 ± 5.93) comparing retro-walking (RW) to forward-walking (FW). Subjects were randomly allocated to receive either RW with structured resistance training (SRT) or FW with SRT; 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The symptoms, pain, and function of daily living sub scores of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) along with Timed up and go (TUG) and Chair stand test (CST) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The outcomes were analysed with two-way repeated measure analysis of variance.

Significant improvements for all outcomes were observed intra-group (p-value < 0.05) after 12 weeks. The KOOS sub scores, TUG and CST times was not statistically significant between study groups (pvalue >0.05). However, the partial eta squared scores for all outcomes were better in the RW group compared to FW except for CST.

It can be concluded that RW is a feasible and non-inferior option to FW in the rehabilitation of subjects with bilateral knee OA.

It can be concluded that RW is a feasible and non-inferior option to FW in the rehabilitation of subjects with bilateral knee OA.

Recent evidence highlights racquet sports as being associated with a substantially reduced risk of CVD mortality. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate clustered cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and arterial stiffness in recreational adult tennis players.

Forty-three recreational tennis players (T) and a matched group of 45 healthy, active non-tennis (NT) players, mean age (± SEM) 41.6 ± 1.8 years participated in this cross-sectional comparative study. Measurements included emerging and traditional CMR factors with pulse wave analysis/velocity utilised to assess indexes of arterial stiffness. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was calculated using two composites CMR1 (central aortic systolic blood pressure, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, percentage body fat, HDL-C and maximal oxygen uptake) and CMR2 (brachial systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, TCHDL-C, percentage body fat, HbA1c and maximal oxygen uptake).

Analysis of covariance, controlling for age, revealed T had significantly lower (healthier) CMR1 scores than NT (EMM ± SEM, T -0.