Carstensenmoos2448

Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND The occurrence of secondary neurodegeneration has been exclusively observed after the first incidence of stroke. In humans and rodents, post-stroke secondary neurodegeneration (SND) is an inevitable event that can lead to progressive neuronal loss at a region distant to initial infarct. SND can lead to cognitive and motor function impairment, finally causing dementia. The exact pathophysiology of the event is yet to be explored. It is seen that the thalami, in particular, are susceptible to cause SND. The reason behind this is because the thalamus functioning as the relay centre and is positioned as an interlocked structure with direct synaptic signaling connection with the cortex. As SND proceeds, accumulation of misfolded proteins and microglial activation are seen in the thalamus. This leads to increased neuronal loss and worsening of functional and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE There is a necessity of specific interventions to prevent post-stroke SND, which are not properly investigated to date owing to sparsely reproducible pre-clinical and clinical data. The basis of this review is to thoroughly investigate about post-stroke SND and its updated treatment approaches. METHOD Our article presents a detailed survey of advances in studies on stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration (SND) and its treatment. RESULTS This article aims to put forward the pathophysiology of the progressive disease. We have also tabulated the latest treatment approaches along with different neuroimaging system that will be helpful for future reference to explore. CONCLUSION In this article, we have reviewed the available reports on SND pathophysiology, detection techniques and possible treatment modalities that have not been attempted till date. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Flavonoids, a group of natural dietary polyphenols, are known for their beneficial effects on human health. By virtue of their various pharmacological effects, like antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective effects, flavonoids have now become an important component of herbal supplements, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetics. There has been enormous literature supporting neuroprotective effect of flavonoids. Recently their efficacy in various neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson diseases has received particular attention. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of their neuroprotection might include antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-neuroinflammatory and modulation of various cellular and intracellular targets. In in-vivo system, before reaching to brain, they have to cross barriers like extensive first pass metabolism, intestinal barrier and ultimately blood brain barrier. Different flavonoids have varied pharmacokinetic characteristics which affect their pharmacodynamic profile. Therefore brain accessibility of flavonoids is still debatable. METHOD This review emphasised on current trends of research and development on flavonoids especially in neurodegenerative diseases, possible challenges and strategies to encounter using novel drug delivery system. RESULTS Various flavonoids have elicited their therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases, however use nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems the bioavailability of favonoids could be enhanced. CONCLUSION This study bridges a significant opinion on medicinal chemistry, ethanopharmacology and new drug delivery research regarding use of flavonoids in management of neurodegeneration. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Gynecologic cancers, including cervical, primary peritoneal, ovarian, uterine/endometrial, vaginal and vulvar cancers and gestational trophoblastic disease, are characterized by abnormal cell proliferation in female reproductive cells. Due to the variable pathology of these cancers and the lack of appropriate screening tests in developing countries, cancer diagnosis can be reported in advanced stages in most women and this situation adversely affects prognosis and clinical outcomes of illness. For this reason, many researchers in the field of gynecological oncology have carried out many studies. The treatment of various gynecological problems, which cause physical, biological and psychosocial conditions such as fear, shame, blame and anger, has been important throughout the history. Treatment with herbs has become popular nowadays due to the serious side effects of the synthetic drugs used in treatment and the medical and economical problems caused by them. Many scientists have identified various active drug substances through in vivo and in vitro biological activity studies on medicinal plants from the past to the present. While the intrinsic complexity of natural productbased drug discoveries requires highly integrated interdisciplinary approaches, scientific and technological advances and research trends clearly show that natural products will be among the most important new drug sources in the future. In this review, an overview of the studies conducted for the discovery of multitargeted drug molecules in the rational treatment of gynecological cancers is presented. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and current mode of cancer treatment causes side effects on normal cells and are still the key challenges in cancer treatment. However, natural products or active compound of medicinal plants are being safe, affordable, and effective in diseases cure. METHODS In this context, scientific studies evidence the health promoting effects of natural products, which work through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Thymoquinone (TM), a predominant active compound of Nigella sativa, has confirmed antineoplastic activity through its ability to regulate various genetic pathways. In addition, thymoquinone has established anti-cancerous effects through killing of various cancerous cells, inhibit the initiation, migration, invasion and progression of the cancer. The anti-cancer effects of TM are chiefly mediated via regulating various cell signaling pathways such as VEGF, bcl2/bax ratio, p53, NF-kB and oncogenes. RESULTS The anti-cancer drugs have limitations in efficacy and also causes adverse side effects on normal cells. The combination of anti-cancer drugs and thymoquinone improve the efficacy of drugs as evidences by decrease resistance to drugs and regulating various cell signaling pathways. Moreover, combination of anti-cancer drugs as well as thymoquinone shows synergistic effect on killing of cancer cells and cells viability. Thus TM in combination with anti-cancer drugs can be a good strategy in the management of various types of cancer. CONCLUSION In this review article, we deliver an outline of thymoquinone role in cancer inhibition and prevention of cancer based on in vivo and in vitro studies. Further studies on thymoquinone based on clinical trials are highly required to explore the benefits of thymoquinone in cancer management. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Stem cells are of two types embryonic and adult stem cells and they act as a repair system by replenishing body tissue. Stem cells differentiate into different types of cells, such as neural, hematopoietic, adipose, etc. and are used for the treatment of various conditions like myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease and diabetes. METHODS This article focuses on recent research development that addresses the viability issues of stem cells. The efficiency of transplanted stem cells reduces due to conditions like hypoxia, inflammation, nutrient deprivation, immunogenicity, extracellular matrix loss on delivery and mechanical stress. To increase the viability of stem cells, techniques like scaffolds of stem cells with hydrogel or alginate, pre-conditioning, different routes of administration and encapsulation, are implemented. RESULTS For the protection of stem cells against apoptosis, different pathways, namely phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT),hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1), Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK) and Hippo, are discussed. CONCLUSION Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreases the concentration of apoptotic factors, while the HIF pathway protects stem cells against the micro-environment of tissue (hypoxia). Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Probiotics can be used for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis. OBJECTIVE This systematic review is to evaluate the evidence regarding the effect of probiotics on human cases of viral gastroenteritis. METHODS The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics versus placebo or standard treatment for viral gastroenteritis. A comprehensive search of Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed and Ovid databases, and unpublished studies (till 27 January 2018) was conducted followed by a process of study selection and critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. Randomized controlled trials assessing probiotic administration in human subjects infected with any species of gastroenteritis viruses were considered for inclusion. Only studies with a confirmed viral cause of infection were included. This study was developed using the JBI methodology for systematic reviews which is in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. Meta-analysis was conducted where feasible. Data were pooled using the inverse variance method with random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. We included 17 RCTs, containing 3082 patients. PACAP 1-38 RESULTS Probiotics can improve symptoms of viral gastroenteritis, including the duration of diarrhea (mean difference 0. 7 days, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.09 days, n = 740, ten trials) and duration of hospitalization (mean difference 0.76 days, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92 days, n = 329, four trials). CONCLUSION The results of this review show that the administration of probiotics in patients with viral gastroenteritis should be considered. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND The first immunosuppressive drug - cyclosporine A (CsA) has many unquestioned merits in maintaining organ transplants in patients, as well as, in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases, associated also with cutaneous manifestations. The main task of this drug is to suppress the inflammatory response at the sites of action, which is not well known. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of CsA in therapeutic concentration on the expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response pathway in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF; CC-2511) and this study attempted to determine the mechanism of its action. METHODS The cytotoxicity MTT test was performed. The expression of the inflammatory response pathway genes was determined using HG-U133A_2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Statistical analysis was performed by GeneSpring 13.0 software using the PL-Grid platform. RESULTS Among the 5,300 mRNA only 573 were changed significantly in response to CsA compared to the control fibroblasts (P≤0.