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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection results in a high risk of cirrhosis and its complications cirrhosis decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide), liver transplantation and death. selleck It is now 40 years since development of the first plasmatic vaccine which has been proven to prevent (liver) cancer.

To update firstly the molecular and epidemiological aspects of HBV-related HCC and its natural history together with the benefits associated with viral suppression and secondly the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of HBV vaccination.

Analysis of recent published data regarding HBV replication, anti-viral treatments and vaccination.

The nuclear HBV replication cycle in the hepatocyte combines two limiting steps to achievement of HBV cure during chronic infection the formation of a minichromosome, the supercoiled cccDNA, and host-genome integration of HBV DNA which triggers direct viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Even if specific anti-viral treatments significantly reduce viral replication, they decrease but do not cancel the risk of liver-related events in contrast with the prevention of HBV through HBV vaccination.

To achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination plan, the HBV vaccine is a priority tool for achieving the sustainable development goals of the World Health Organization.

To achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination plan, the HBV vaccine is a priority tool for achieving the sustainable development goals of the World Health Organization.

The best option between vedolizumab and ustekinumab after anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) failure remains unclear in Crohn's disease.

To compare the short- and long-term effectiveness of vedolizumab and ustekinumab in Crohn's disease patients with prior anti-TNF exposure.

All Crohn's disease patients treated with ustekinumab or vedolizumab after exposure to at least one anti-TNF agent were included from two referral centres. Primary endpoint was corticosteroid-free clinical remission defined as Crohn's disease activity index <150 at week 54. Deep remission (corticosteroid-free clinical remission and faecal calprotectin <100µg/g) was assessed at week 14. Propensity-matched analyses were applied to make the two groups comparable.

Overall, 312 patients (ustekinumab=224 and vedolizumab=88) were included. After propensity score analysis, ustekinumab was more effective to achieve corticosteroid-free clinical remission at week 54 (49.3% vs 41.2%, P=0.04) and deep remission at Week 14 (25.9% vs 3.8%, long-term effectiveness than vedolizumab in Crohn's disease patients who previously failed response to anti-TNF agents.

Chronic constipation is a common, heterogeneous disorder with multiple symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms. Patients are often referred to a gastroenterology provider after laxatives fail. However, there is limited knowledge of the spectrum and management of constipation disorders.

To discuss the latest understanding of the spectrum of constipation disorders, tools for identifying a pathophysiologic-based diagnosis in the specialist setting, treatment options and the patient's perspective of constipation.

Literature searches were conducted using PubMed for constipation diagnostic criteria, diagnostic tools and approved treatments. The authors provided insight from their own practices.

Clinical assessment, stool diaries and Rome IV diagnostic criteria can facilitate diagnosis, evaluate severity and distinguish between IBS with constipation, chronic idiopathic constipation and dyssynergic defecation. Novel smartphone applications can help track constipation symptoms. Rectal examinations, anorectal manometry and balloon expulsion, assessments of neuromuscular function with colonic transit time and colonic manometry can provide mechanistic understanding of underlying pathophysiology. Treatments include lifestyle and diet changes, biofeedback therapy and pharmacological agents. Several classes of laxatives, as well as prokinetic and prosecretory agents, are available; here we describe their mechanisms of action, efficacy and side effects.

Constipation includes multiple overlapping subtypes identifiable using detailed history, current diagnostic tools and smartphone applications. Recognition of individual subtype(s) could pave the way for optimal, evidence-based treatments by a gastroenterology provider.

Constipation includes multiple overlapping subtypes identifiable using detailed history, current diagnostic tools and smartphone applications. Recognition of individual subtype(s) could pave the way for optimal, evidence-based treatments by a gastroenterology provider.In Alzheimer's disease (AD), hippocampal hyperactivation is already present at early stages of the disorder, in some cases, even when the individual is still asymptomatic. Neuronal hyperexcitability has been described to occur before the deposition of amyloid beta plaques in mouse models of AD and has been attributed to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory activity. In this Editorial Highlight, we discuss the article by Sosulina et al., published in this issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, which offers novel insights into the possible origins of this neuronal excitability observed during the early pathogenesis of AD.Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with immunosuppressive properties. In cancer patients, the expression of lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) on granulocytic MDSC identifies a subset of MDSC that retains the most potent immunosuppressive properties. The main objective of the present work was to explore the presence of LOX-1+ MDSC in bacterial and viral sepsis. To this end, whole blood LOX-1+ cells were phenotypically, morphologically, and functionally characterized. They were monitored in 39 coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19, viral sepsis) and 48 septic shock (bacterial sepsis) patients longitudinally sampled five times over a 3 wk period in intensive care units (ICUs). The phenotype, morphology, and immunosuppressive functions of LOX-1+ cells demonstrated that they were polymorphonuclear MDSC. In patients, we observed the significant emergence of LOX-1+ MDSC in both groups. The peak of LOX-1+ MDSC was 1 wk delayed with respect to ICU admission.