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These data provide a comprehensive analysis of gene signatures associated with immune cell exhaustion during HIV infection, which could be useful in understanding exhaustion mechanisms and developing new cure therapies.Neutrophils infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) predominate in tuberculosis patients' lungs. Neutrophils phagocytose the pathogen, but the mechanism of pathogen elimination is controversial. Macroautophagy/autophagy, a crucial mechanism for several neutrophil functions, can be modulated by immunological mediators. The costimulatory molecule SLAMF1 can act as a microbial sensor in macrophages being also able to interact with autophagy-related proteins. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that human neutrophils express SLAMF1 upon Mtb-stimulation. Furthermore, SLAMF1 was found colocalizing with LC3B+ vesicles, and activation of SLAMF1 increased neutrophil autophagy induced by Mtb. Finally, tuberculosis patients' neutrophils displayed reduced levels of SLAMF1 and lower levels of autophagy against Mtb as compared to healthy controls. Altogether, these results indicate that SLAMF1 participates in neutrophil autophagy during active tuberculosis. Abbreviations AFB acid-fast bacilli; BafA1 bafilomycin A1; CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia; DPI diphenyleneiodonium; EVs extracellular vesicles; FBS fetal bovine serum; HD healthy donors; HR high responder (tuberculosis patient); IFNG interferon gamma; IL1B interleukin 1 beta; IL17A interleukin 17A; IL8 interleukin 8; LR low responder (tuberculosis patient); mAb monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3 microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK1/ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK14/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; Mtb Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mtb-Ag Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Strain H37Rv, whole cell lysate; NETs neutrophils extracellular traps; PPD purified protein derivative; ROS reactive oxygen species; PIK3C3/VPS34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; SLAMF1 signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1; TB tuberculosis; TLR toll like receptor.Attentional control theory suggests that high cognitive demands impair the flexible deployment of attention control in anxious adults, particularly when paired with external threats. Extending this work to pediatric anxiety, we report two studies utilising eye tracking (Study 1) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (Study 2). Both studies use a visual search paradigm to examine anxiety-related differences in the impact of threat on attentional control at varying levels of task difficulty. In Study 1, youth ages 8-18 years (N = 109), completed the paradigm during eye tracking. Results indicated that youth with more severe anxiety took longer to fixate on and identify the target, specifically on difficult trials, compared to youth with less anxiety. However, no anxiety-related effects of emotional distraction (faces) emerged. In Study 2, a separate cohort of 8-18-year-olds (N = 72) completed a similar paradigm during fMRI. Behaviourally, youth with more severe anxiety were slower to respond on searches following non-threatening, compared to threatening, distractors, but this effect did not vary by task difficulty. The same interaction emerged in the neuroimaging analysis in the superior parietal lobule and precentral gyrus-more severe anxiety was associated with greater brain response following non-threatening distractors. Theoretical implications of these inconsistent findings are discussed.

Adenovirus infection can cause severe pneumonia even in immunocompetent adults. However, there is limited data on the benefits of cidofovir treatment in severe adenovirus pneumonia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cidofovir treatment with clinical improvement in immunocompetent adult patients with severe adenovirus pneumonia.

We evaluated 22 male patients who admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with severe adenovirus pneumonia between January 2014 and December 2019. The patients were divided into 2 groups, patients treated with cidofovir or not. Clinical outcomes including time to defervescence and stopping of oxygen supplement, length of stay in ICU and hospital, and the need for mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were compared between the 2 groups.

Among 22 patients, 13 patients (59%) were treated with cidofovir and 9 (41%) were not. The difference in mean time (95% confidence interval [CI]) to defervescence and stopping of oxygen supplement between cidofovir group and no cidofovir group was 2.1 (-5.7 to 10.0) and 1.0 (-14.9 to 16.8) days, respectively. The difference in mean length of stay (95% CI) in ICU and hospital between the 2 groups was 0.2 (-7.1 to 7.5) and -0.4 (-18.3 to 17.5) days, respectively. The differences in proportion of patients requiring MV and ECMO between the 2 groups was 28.2 (-17.4 to 73.8) % and -10.3 (-52.2 to 31.7) %, respectively.

The treatment with cidofovir for severe adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent patients did not improve clinical outcomes. Further studies with larger samples with prospective design are warranted.

The treatment with cidofovir for severe adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent patients did not improve clinical outcomes. Further studies with larger samples with prospective design are warranted.Grieving a child following cancer is a substantially difficult task. The objectives of this research were 1) to describe current quality of life (QoL), psychological distress and symptoms of grief of bereaved parents, and 2) to explore the role of possible contributors of QoL and psychological distress. Forty-six parents (32 mothers) of children who died of cancer were surveyed on their QoL, distress, and complicated grief. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Parents had a high frequency of grieving symptoms (58%). Mothers reported more retrospective grief symptoms than fathers when describing the year after child death. Current lower mental well-being was associated with experiencing higher retrospective grief symptoms, a shorter period since child death, and being a father. Hence, parents experienced disturbances even long after child death. Mothers and fathers may present specificities that should be considered when developing supportive activities for this vulnerable population.In 1758 in London, Swedish natural philosopher and mystic theologian Emanuel Swedenborg published De Telluribus in Mundo nostro Solari (Earths in our solar system), a treatise on the plurality of worlds and life on other planets. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, these topics formed a heterogenous literary genre which encompassed theology, astronomy, philosophy and satire. In De Telluribus, Swedenborg made detailed claims of communication with extraterrestrial spirits in the afterlife, through which he sought to spread his theology to new audiences. The paper will explore the role of De Telluribus in Swedenborg's career, explain its content and analyse its polarized reception. It will show that De Telluribus combined for the first time the literary codes of two popular genres during the period, namely those concerning the plurality of worlds and the dialogues of the dead. By doing so, the paper revises current scholarly understanding of Swedenborg by showcasing him as a versatile yet ill-fated recombiner of literary genres. More broadly, the paper will shed light upon previously unnoticed eighteenth-century literary interactions along with a wider overview on the reception of themes such as the plurality of worlds, mysticism and satire in Scandinavia and Germany.RISE, a sexual violence prevention program for female college students in India, covers topics on gender, healthy relationships, sexual violence, and bystander education, and focuses on the teaching of knowledge, the promotion of positive attitudes as well as the support of effective behaviors to prevent sexual violence against women in India. However, it is yet unclear what impact this program has in preventing sexual violence. learn more In this evaluation study, a total of N = 245 female college students based in New Delhi and aged 17 to 22 years were assigned to a training (N = 128) or a waitlist control group (N = 117). The prevention program was conducted by two Indian professionals of a non-governmental organization (NGO) in New Delhi within five sessions. Results indicated that students in the training group showed significant increases in awareness of gender stereotypes, the importance of communication in relationships, bystander efficacy as well as intentions to intervene as a bystander in situations of violence when compared to students in the control group right after the program (posttest) and six months later (follow-up). Additionally, the training group displayed a significant increase of knowledge in all four program areas (gender, healthy relationships, sexual violence, and bystander education). Our findings implicate that future sexual violence prevention programs in India need to address women as well as men to effectively tackle sexual violence. In this context, bystander education seems to be one of the most promising approaches by targeting whole communities and creating new social norms regarding helping behavior and the prevention of sexual violence.

In a telestroke network, patients at a referring hospital (RH) with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) are transferred to a comprehensive stroke centre (CSC) for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). However, a significant number of patients do not ultimately undergo thrombectomy after CSC arrival.

Within a 17-hospital telestroke network, we retrospectively analysed patients with suspected or confirmed LVO transferred to a CSC, and characterized the reasons why these patients did not undergo EVT based on the 2019 American Heart Association guidelines.

Of 400 patients transferred to our hub, 68 (17%) were based on vascular imaging at RH. Time from RH arrival to neuroimaging was significantly longer in patients that underwent both computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography of the brain and neck compared to only CT of the brain (53 vs 13 minutes, p < 0.05). Accuracy of anterior circulation LVO (ACLVO) detection based on clinical suspicion was 62% (205 of 332 patients). Among 234 ACLVO patients, overall, 175 (74%) (early window group 123 (73%) patients and late window group 52 (80%) patients) met at least one EVT ineligibility criterion. The reasons for EVT ineligibility varied from large core infarct (aspects <6 or core volume >70 cc on perfusion imaging in late window), low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (<6), distal occlusion, and poor baseline modified Rankin Scale score (>1).

Instituting rapid acquisition and interpretation of vascular imaging at RHs for LVO detection and establishing benchmarks for door to vascular imaging is urgently needed for RHs.

Instituting rapid acquisition and interpretation of vascular imaging at RHs for LVO detection and establishing benchmarks for door to vascular imaging is urgently needed for RHs.The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has forced providers to dramatically scale down in-person clinic visits to enforce social distancing and triage care to the neediest patients. We describe our five-month experience with a hybrid gastroenterology electronic consultation programme starting in 2019 in which we perform electronic consultations for every referral regardless of indication as well as directly initiate telephone-based telehealth visits with patients without the need for in-person clinic. Over five consecutive months, 1243 hybrid electronic consultations were performed with 356 (29%) resulting in a clinic appointment. The remaining 887 (71%) electronic consultations were resolved without need for a clinic visit. Five hundred and fourteen (41%) electronic consultations resulted in a directly scheduled procedure without clinic appointment. Eighty-five per cent of electronic consultations were performed on the same day of referral and 98% of electronic consultations were completed in under 20 min.