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0018) sLTF compared to vehicle (aCSF, 2 µL, n=5). Bilateral nephrectomy largely prevented sLTF, affirming necessity of peripheral RAS activation. Sufficiency of central AngII signaling was assessed in nephrectomized rats. Whereas ICV AngII (0.5 ng/0.5 µL, 30 min) in nephrectomized rats exposed to sham AIH (n=4) failed to cause SNA ramping, it rescued sLTF in nephrectomized rats exposed to 5 cycles of AIH (SSNA, P=0.0227; RSNA, P=0.0390, n=5). find more Findings indicate that AIH causes progressive peripheral RAS activation, which stimulates an apparent threshold level of central AT1R signaling that plays a permissive role in triggering sLTF.Ankle proprioceptive deficits can contribute to increased fall risks in the elderly population. We investigated if ankle proprioception alters with age in healthy people, n = 80, aged 19 - 80 years. Previous studies report conflicting results, but none have considered that proprioceptive performance is affected by previous muscle contractions and length changes. Participants sat with their leg extended and foot rested on a motorised foot plate. Three proprioceptive tests were performed; threshold for detection of passive movement, proprioceptive reaction time, and a test of matching joint position sense. Muscle spindle sensitivity was controlled by repetitively moving the ankle, in a set pattern, before each target angle. Reliability of these methods was tested. Linear regression of proprioceptive measures against age showed proprioceptive function was unaltered. Mean detection threshold 0.13 ± 0.10⁰ (mean±SD; R2 = 0.009, p = 0.399). Reaction time 0.251 ± 0.054 s (R2 = 0.004, p = 0.597). Joint position sense responses were regressed against target angles for each participant; mean y-intercept -13.3±9.4⁰ (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.19), slope 1.15±0.45 (R2 = 0.01, p = 0.36) and R2 0.78±0.12 (R2 = 0.019, p = 0.23). Most measures showed good to excellent reliability. Unexpectedly, our results suggest there is little effect of age on ankle proprioceptive performance in healthy community-dwelling people when proprioception is tested with passive movements and under controlled laboratory conditions. However, we cannot rule out that impairments in proprioceptive function may be evident in older people with poor function i.e. those classified as 'fallers'.Disorders of the fractality of an airway tree and a vessel tree have been studied in pulmonary diseases. Here, we successfully applied Mishima's D to the bronchial minimal inner cross-sectional area (iCSA) measured in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) images of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-COPD smokers (n = 162), by defining D in the following formula; logN(≥X) = - D * logX + c, where X is a certain iCSA value, and N(≥X) is the number of airway branches having iCSA greater than or equal to X. Mathematically, this D of iCSA was associated with the expected reduction ratio of iCSA at bifurcations, which can be estimated by 2-1/D. This D of iCSA also correlated weakly with the box-counting fractal dimension and Weibel's reduction ratio over airway generations, which indicated that the airway tree was not a perfect fractal object and that the branch bifurcation was asymmetrical. The D of iCSA showed positive correlations with lung function measurements of airflow limitation in study participants. In addition, D of iCSA representing the periphery showed an association with future body mass index reduction, most likely as an indicator of energy efficacy for breathing as predicted by Hess-Murray's law. D of iCSA may be helpful to understand the pathogenesis of obstructive lung diseases.Women are at higher risk for developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We examined the utility of peak exercise blood pressure (BP) in identifying pre-clinical features of HFpEF, namely vascular and cardiac stiffness in middle-aged women. We studied 47 healthy, non-obese middle-aged women (53 ± 5 yrs). Oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and BP were assessed at rest and maximal treadmill exercise. Resting cardiac function and stiffness were assessed by echocardiography and invasive measurement (right heart catheterization) of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure under varying preloads. LV stiffness was calculated by curve fit of the diastolic portion of the pressure-volume curve. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by arterial tonometry. Body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects in the highest exercise BP tertile had peak systolic BP of 201 ± 11 mmHg compared to 142 ± 19 mmHg in the lowest tertile (p less then 0.001). Higher exercise BP was associated with increased age, percent body fat, smaller LV size, slower LV relaxation, increased LV and vascular stiffness. After adjustment, LV and arterial stiffness remained significantly associated with peak exercise BP. There was a trend towards increased body fat and slowed LV relaxation (both p less then 0.07). In otherwise healthy middle-aged women, elevated exercise BP was independently associated with increased vascular stiffness and a smaller, stiffer LV - functional and structural risk factors characteristic for stage A and B HFpEF.High-intensity exercise inhibits appetite in part via alterations in the peripheral concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). Given lactate may mediate these effects, we utilized sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design to investigate lactate's purported role in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Eleven males completed two identical high-intensity interval training sessions (10 x 1 min cycling bouts at ~90% heart rate maximum interspersed with 1 min recovery), where they ingested either NaHCO3 (BICARB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) as a placebo (PLACEBO) pre-exercise. Blood lactate, acylated ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations, as well as overall appetite were assessed pre-exercise and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min post-exercise. Blood lactate was greater immediately (P less then 0.001) and 30 min post-exercise (P=0.049) in the BICARB session with an increased (P=0.