Riversdamm8755

(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is considered to be the benchmark of objective self-awareness-the ability to think about oneself. Cross-cultural research showed that there are systematic differences in toddlers' MSR abilities between 18 and 24 months. Understanding whether these differences result from systematic variation in early social experiences will help us understand the processes through which objective self-awareness develops. In this study, we examined 57 18- to 22-month-old toddlers (31 girls) and their mothers from two distinct sociocultural contexts urban Canada (58% of the subsample were Canadian-born native English-speakers) and rural Vanuatu, a small-scale island society located in the South Pacific. We had two main goals (a) to identify the social-interactional correlates of MSR ability in this cross-cultural sample, and (b) to examine whether differences in passing rates could be attributed to confounding factors. Consistent with previous cross-cultural research, ni-Vanuatu toddlers passed the MSR test at significantly lower rates (7%) compared to their Canadian counterparts (68%). Among a suite of social interactive variables, only mothers' imitation of their toddlers' behavior during a free play session predicted MSR in the entire sample and maternal imitation partially mediated the effects of culture on MSR. In addition, low passing rates among ni-Vanuatu toddlers could not be attributed to reasons unrelated to self-development (i.e., motivation to show mark-directed behavior, understanding mirror-correspondence, representational thinking). This suggests that differences in MSR passing rates reflect true differences in self-recognition, and that parental imitation may have an important role in shaping the construction of visual self-knowledge in toddlers. selleck chemical (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Infants avoid touching plants. Here we examine for the first time whether infants are also reluctant to touch plant foods. We hypothesized that infants would avoid plant foods because food neophobia-the avoidance of novel foods-is particularly strong for fruits and vegetables. However, we predicted that infants would avoid processed plant foods to a lesser degree than whole leafy plants because they bear the markers of previous human engagement. In a first assessment, we presented 7- to 15-month-old infants, recruited from a predominantly White population around Berlin, Germany (N = 56; 29 girls), with whole plants, processed whole plant foods, and nonplant food controls. We measured infants' latency to touch each object and their social looks toward adults prior to the first touch. In a follow-up assessment 1 year later, participants' caregivers filled out a questionnaire measuring their child's food neophobia. Infants avoided touching both whole plants and processed plant foods, and engaged in more social looking before touching them, relative to their matched controls. However, infants took longer to touch and engaged in more social looking for whole plants than processed plant foods. The follow-up assessment indicated that avoidance of cut plant foods in older infants was related to their food neophobia measured 1 year later. These results demonstrate that (a) infants avoid plant foods, (b) cues of food processing decrease infants' reluctance to touch plant foods relative to unprocessed plants, suggesting that these cues may signal food safety, and (c) avoiding certain types of plant foods in infancy may be a precursor of later food neophobia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Loss aversion-the idea that losses loom larger than equivalent gains-is one of the most important ideas in Behavioral Economics. In an influential article published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology General, Walasek and Stewart (2015) test an implication of decision by sampling theory Loss aversion can disappear, and even reverse, depending on the distribution of gains and losses people have encountered. In this article, we show that the pattern of results reported in Walasek and Stewart (2015) should not be taken as evidence that loss aversion can disappear and reverse, or that decision by sampling is the origin of loss aversion. It emerges because the estimates of loss aversion are computed on different lotteries in different conditions. In other words, the experimental paradigm violates measurement invariance, and is invalid. We show that analyzing only the subset of lotteries that are common across conditions eliminates the pattern of results. We note that other recently published articles use similar experimental designs, and we discuss general implications for empirical examinations of utility functions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Spirituality is part of recovery for many people with lived experience of mental health issues, including those who become peer specialists and utilize their own recovery experiences to facilitate the recovery of others. This research explores how peer specialists view spirituality in their work with their peers and the factors that impact conversations in this area.

Eleven peer specialists participated in individual qualitative interviews. Inquiries were made about their own experiences of spirituality and how these were used to support others. Additional questions probed factors that facilitated or served as barriers to their ability to engage in such conversations. Data were subjected to thematic analysis.

Peer specialists experienced well-being, hope, and self-acceptance through spirituality. Use of spirituality in peer support was influenced by their personal spiritual journey, specifically because they understood its value to recovery. Barriers to use included fear of rejection and lack of formal supervision in this area-possibly to maximize the benefit of the lived experience that many peer specialists bring to their work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This study investigated the mediating roles of self-esteem and self-efficacy on the relationship between family social networks and personal recovery among Chinese people with mental illness in Hong Kong.

One hundred and twenty-five Chinese adults with mental illness from community mental health centers in Hong Kong were recruited for this study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire.

Study results indicated that a large family network size was indirectly related to high levels of personal recovery through high self-efficacy. High perceived family support was directly related to high levels of personal recovery. In addition, high family criticalness was related to low levels of personal recovery directly and indirectly through low self-esteem.

These findings suggest that using a family approach to enhance individuals' self-esteem and self-efficacy might promote personal recovery among people with mental illness in the Chinese context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).