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No statistically significant positive correlation was found between all of the parameters analyzed and VISA-H. The association between VISA-H score and FASH score has resulted statistically significant.

In marathon athletes, there was not found evidence of a statistically significant correlation between gender, weight, height, number of marathons, impact profile and Hamstring tendinopathy. Nonetheless, age, weight and impact profile were associated with Hamstring strains, while sex and number of marathons had not shown statistically significant positive association with Hamstring strain injuries.

In marathon athletes, there was not found evidence of a statistically significant correlation between gender, weight, height, number of marathons, impact profile and Hamstring tendinopathy. Nonetheless, age, weight and impact profile were associated with Hamstring strains, while sex and number of marathons had not shown statistically significant positive association with Hamstring strain injuries.

Although the effect of dehydration on performance is widely studied, limited data concerning the levels of risk training types pose to hydration status exists. This study sought to determine (a) pre-training hydration status in adolescent sprinters relative to non-athletes, (b) changes in hydration markers across a season of adolescent sprinters relative to non-athletes, and (c) if frequency of training type explains unique variance in hydration.

Hydration [via pre-training urine osmolality (UOsm) and thirst perception (TP)], daily water intake (TWI) [via 24-h food/fluid diaries] and frequencies of resistance, endurance and sprint training types (via training regime questionnaires) were assessed in 26 sprinters (age 15.6±1.9 years) and 26 non-athletes (age 16.0±1.6 years), during 4 mesocycles [general (T1) and specific (T2) preparation; pre-competitive (T3) and peaking (T4) phases], over 26 weeks.

Most athletes (62%-81%) and non-athletes (73%-92%) were underhydrated (UOsm>700 mOsmol/kg) pre-training across the season, despite a low TP. There were significant time (p =.042) and group (p =.006) effects, and a main group by time interaction for UOsm (p =.006) but not TP across the season, after controlling for TWI. Greater UOsm (in mOsmol/kg) were observed during T1 (906.3±250.1) and T2 (934.5±257.0) compared to T3 (852.1±268.8) and T4 (854.2±218.8). There was no significant change across the season for non-athletes. Frequencies of endurance training were positively associated with UOsm and explained unique variances across the season (R2 range from 7%-16%).

Underhydration is high in the adolescent population. Training type may be related to the variations in hydration throughout a season, which may help to inform hydration practices of sprint athletes.

Underhydration is high in the adolescent population. LY3214996 Training type may be related to the variations in hydration throughout a season, which may help to inform hydration practices of sprint athletes.

This study aimed to assess neuromuscular fatigue after heavy resistance exercise in rugby players.

Twelve male rugby players performed five sets of knee extension exercise lifting 80% of their one repetition maximum until failure, with 3min of rest in-between. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and surface electromyographic activity from quadriceps muscles, as well as ions (i.e., Na+, K+, and Cl-) and metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate and ammonia concentrations) were measured before and after exercise. Maximum repetitions performance and both peripheral (RPEp) and overall body (RPEo) rating of perceived exertion were recorded following each set.

The number of maximum repetitions decreased significantly across sets (P<0.001). Both RPEp and RPEo increased significantly across sets (P<0.001) with higher RPEp values after each set (P<0.001). Both RPEp (r=-0.98, P<0.01) and RPEo (r=-0.99, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with the changes in the number of maximum repetitions. MVC (P<0.001), root mean square (P<0.05), and neuromuscular efficiency (P<0.01) as well as Na+ (P<0.01), Cl- (P<0.001) and blood concentrations of lactate (P<0.001) and ammonia (P<0.001) decreased significantly after the exercise. However, K+ (P<0.001) increased after the resistance exercise.

Heavy resistance exercise affected both objective (i.e., neuromuscular and biochemical parameters) and subjective (i.e., RPE) aspects of neuromuscular fatigue.

Heavy resistance exercise affected both objective (i.e., neuromuscular and biochemical parameters) and subjective (i.e., RPE) aspects of neuromuscular fatigue.

American Football (AF) players are assigned to positions by specific abilities and responsible for different tasks on the field what may result in wide differentiation in experienced injuries. The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of injuries and their differentiation depending on the position on the pitch.

Original questionnaire was used to investigate 150 Polish amateur AF players who had suffered from 189 injuries. The questionnaire detailed the following positions offensive line (OL), defensive line (DL), quarterback (QB), running back (RB), wide receiver (WR), linebacker (LB), defensive backs (DB). The results were statistically analyzed by SofaStas v. 1.4.5 and then had been interpreted.

Over 90% of all investigated AF players had self-reported injury history with the injury rate 1.27 injury per player. No statistically significant relationship was stated between position on the pitch and the occurrence rate, type and location of the injury. Significant relationship (p=0.030) was stated between the injury circumstances and position on the pitch - QB were mostly injured in collision with opponent, OL in direct sport fight while WR and RB due to a falls.

Occurrence and type of injuries in AF players does not depend on position on the pitch in AF. Relationship between the injury location or injury circumstances and position on the pitch requires further studies. The most common location of injury is the knee joint and the most common type of injury is sprain while the most common causes of injury were collision with opponent and direct sport fight.

Occurrence and type of injuries in AF players does not depend on position on the pitch in AF. Relationship between the injury location or injury circumstances and position on the pitch requires further studies. The most common location of injury is the knee joint and the most common type of injury is sprain while the most common causes of injury were collision with opponent and direct sport fight.

Our objective was to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of conventional cardiovascular risk factors among ultra-endurance marathon runners.

An electronic internet survey to characterize modifiable cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco exposure and obesity (BMI >30) among competitive ultra-endurance runners.

Among 290 respondents (mean ± SD, 42 ± 11 years, 31.4% female), 106 (36.6%) had at least one established cardiovascular risk factor. Female sex, younger age and participation in competitive high school or collegiate sports were associated with freedom from cardiovascular risk factors. There were no significant associations between risk factor status and either hours per week of running training (risk factor negative = 10 ±7 vs. risk factor positive = 11 ± 8 hours, p=0.42) or years of ultra-endurance competition (6 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 9 years, p=0.38). Runners with at least one cardiovascular risk factor were more likely to have had personal or peer concerns about excessive alcohol use.

Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are common among ultra-endurance runners. Early life participation in competitive sports, rather than adult exercise habits, is associated with freedom from the development of cardiovascular risk factors during middle age. Determining mechanistic explanations for the legacy effect of early life exercise as a means to reduce cardiovascular risk among aging athletes represents an important area of future work.

Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are common among ultra-endurance runners. Early life participation in competitive sports, rather than adult exercise habits, is associated with freedom from the development of cardiovascular risk factors during middle age. Determining mechanistic explanations for the legacy effect of early life exercise as a means to reduce cardiovascular risk among aging athletes represents an important area of future work.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical fitness and performance parameters of elite and professional footballers, and for these results to form a guide for training programs for amputee footballers at the amateur or professional level to be able to reach elite level.

A total of 24 footballers with extremity amputation were separated into 2 groups as elite (n12) and professional (n12). Using field tests, the footballers were evaluated in respect of body composition, anaerobic and aerobic strength, speed, muscular endurance and balance.

No statistically significant difference was determined between the footballers included in the study in respect of the number of days engaged in sport and the number of training sesions per week (p>0.05). Of the parameters used to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic strength, the vertical jump distance and relative strength measurement values were determined to be statistically significantly higher in the elite players than in the professional players (p<0.001 to be able to reach maximal performance.

Numerous sportspeople consume nutritional ergogenic aids, 0including branched chain amino acids (BCAA), considered to favor post-exercise muscle recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of BCAA on recovery from muscle damage produced by high-intensity exercise and muscle function. This allowed to define the optimal dosage regimen and consumption conditions taking into account the combination of BCAA with other products.

A systematic review of the scientific literature published over the past 15 years using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out. Nineteen articles were selected.

The most optimal regimen for post-exercise muscle recovery and/or muscle function after high-intensity resistance exercise was 2-10 g BCAA/day (leucine isoleucine valine at 211), consumed as a supplement alone or combined with arginine and carbohydrates, 3 previous days before exercise, immediately before and after exercise, regardless of training level. This treatment can improve perceived muscle damage, fatigue, circumference of arm/leg, counter movement jump, maximum muscle strength and maximum voluntary contraction, and reduce creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, mainly in young males.

Intake of BCAA favors post-exercise muscle recovery and may improve muscle function. The present review can serve as a guidance for high intensity endurance athletes who need to reduce post-exercise muscle damage and maintain or improve muscle function, especially in training periods and competition events planned with short rest periods.

Intake of BCAA favors post-exercise muscle recovery and may improve muscle function. The present review can serve as a guidance for high intensity endurance athletes who need to reduce post-exercise muscle damage and maintain or improve muscle function, especially in training periods and competition events planned with short rest periods.