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Testing for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) can provide fundamental information about genetic variation and evolutionary processes in natural populations. In contrast to diploids, where genotype frequencies remain constant after a single episode of random mating, polyploids, characterized by polysomic inheritance, approach HWE gradually. Here, we mathematically show the asymptotic trajectory of tetraploid equilibrium from any initial genotype frequencies. We formulate a statistical framework to test and estimate the degree of deviation from HWE at individual loci in allotetraploids and autotetraploids. Knowledge about HWE test fills an important gap in population genetic studies of tetraploids related to their evolution and ecology.With the rapid development of nanotechnology, much has been anticipated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their extensive industrial and commercial applications. However, it has raised concerns over environmental safety and human health effects. In this study, AgNPs were bio-fabricated using aqueous extract of Microchaete and their medical applications like antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and apoptosis were done. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was continuously followed by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. The physiochemical properties like shape, size, crystallinity, and polydispersity of the nanoparticles were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with EDX, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). see more Biosynthesized 7.0 nm sized AgNPs with the crystalline structure (crystalline size 4.8 nm) having a hydrodynamic diameter of 38.74 ± 2.6 nm was achieved due to the involvement of reducing agents present in the cyanobacterial extract. The IC50 values of the AgNPs were evaluated as 75 µg/ml and 79.41 µg/ml with HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Different in-vitro cellular assays investigated in the present study exhibited antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic activities. Probably delayed apoptosis in HepG2 and MCF-7 is due to better antioxidant activities of Microchaete based AgNPs.Molecular farming intends to use crop plants as biofactories for high value-added compounds following application of a wide range of biotechnological tools. In particular, the conversion of nonfood crops into efficient biofactories is expected to be a strong asset in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. The 'nonfood' status combined with the high metabolic versatility and the capacity of high-yield cultivation highlight the plant genus Nicotiana as one of the most appropriate 'chassis' for molecular farming. Nicotiana species are a rich source of valuable industrial, active pharmaceutical ingredients and nutritional compounds, synthesized from highly complex biosynthetic networks. Here, we review and discuss approaches currently used to design enriched Nicotiana species for molecular farming using new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs).
Based on the legal framework regulating the advertisement of food supplements in the EU, the aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the presence of endorsers, the different types of health-related claims (H-RCs) and product content information.
We applied a quantitative approach based on the content analysis of all radio spots broadcast throughout 2017 on full-service radio stations in Spain.
A corpus of 10,556 radio spots was obtained of the three radio stations with the highest audience levels (165 without repetitions). We incorporated data on the accumulated broadcast frequencies to supplement the content analysis specific to each radio spot with its weight in relation to the overall advertising discourse. We developed a coding scheme to assess the type of endorser, the types of H-RCs, and the product content information.
Results show that European directives are breached in different ways. Healthcare experts prevail in disease claims, although they are prohibited. Celebrities are the most widely used endorsers (25%) in the function and reduction of disease risk claims. In addition, although these types of claims require substantiation by authorised ingredient, 73% of H-RCs lack this information.
The high presence of illicit H-RCs and endorsers, such as physicians, and the omission of compulsory product information suggest that public administrations must apply stricter monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms to dissuade advertisers from further breaches of the law and to protect consumers. Implications for public health policy are made.
The high presence of illicit H-RCs and endorsers, such as physicians, and the omission of compulsory product information suggest that public administrations must apply stricter monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms to dissuade advertisers from further breaches of the law and to protect consumers. Implications for public health policy are made.
Pulmonary atelectasis is a common postoperative complication that may lead to intrapulmonary shunt, refractory hypoxemia, and respiratory distress. Recruitment maneuvers may relieve pulmonary atelectasis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of recruitment maneuvers in these patients.
We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for trials published before March 2020. Individual effect sizes were standardized, and a meta-analysis was performed to calculate a pooled effect size by using random-effects models. Pulmonary atelectasis was assessed postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included hypoxic events, arterial oxygen tension (Pao
)/inspired oxygen fraction (Fio
) ratio, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, and postoperative complications including pneumothorax and pneumonia.
We reviewed 16 trials involving 1455 patients. Patients receiving recruitment maneuvand pneumonia and improve Pao2/Fio2 ratios without hemodynamic disturbance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
The present study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of total aortic arch replacement with proximalization of distal anastomosis using the frozen elephant trunk technique with the J Graft FROZENIX (Japan Lifeline, Tokyo, Japan) and Gelweave Lupiae (Vascutek Terumo Inc, Scotland, United Kingdom) graft (distal anastomosis performed in zones 1 and 2) in patients with acute Stanford type A acute aortic dissection.
A total of 50 patients underwent total aortic arch replacement using the frozen elephant trunk technique, deploying the J Graft FROZENIX into zone 1 or 2 (zone 1 n=17, zone 2 n=33) in combination with the Gelweave Lupiae graft for acute Stanford type A acute aortic dissection. Patient characteristics, intraoperative data, and early and midterm outcomes were analyzed.
The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 4% (2 patients). The in-hospital mortality rate in patients with visceral malperfusion was 11% (1/9). There were no patients with paraplegia and stent graft-induced new entry. Resection or closure of the most proximal entry tear was achieved in 100% of 42 patients who had postoperative computed tomography.
