Hewittkarlsen6617

BACKGROUND Mexican-origin women breastfeed at similar rates as white women in the United States, yet they usually breastfeed for less time. In our study, we seek to identify differences in Mexican-origin women's breastfeeding intentions, initiation, continuation, and supplementation across nativity and country-of-education groups. METHODS The data are from a prospective cohort study of postpartum women ages 18 to 44 recruited from 8 Texas hospitals. We included 1235 Mexican-origin women who were born and educated in either Texas or Mexico. Women were interviewed at delivery and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post partum. Breastfeeding intentions and initiation were reported at baseline, continuation was collected at each interview, and weeks until supplementation was assessed for both solids and formula. Women were classified into 3 categories born and educated in Mexico, born and educated in the United States, and born in Mexico and educated in the United States. RESULTS Breastfeeding initiation and continuation varied by nativity and country of birth, although all women reported similar breastfeeding intentions. Women born and educated in Mexico initiated and continued breastfeeding in higher proportions than women born and educated in the United States. Mexican-born and US-educated women formed an intermediate group. Early supplementation with formula and solid foods was similar across groups, and early supplementation with formula negatively impacted duration across all groups. CONCLUSIONS Nativity and country of education are important predictors of breastfeeding and should be assessed in pediatric and postpartum settings to tailor breastfeeding support. Support is especially warranted among US-born women, and additional educational interventions should be developed to forestall early supplementation with formula across all acculturation groups. Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.BACKGROUND In the literature on the treatment of depression, efficacy and effectiveness research have different purposes and should apply different research methodologies. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to review characteristics of depression treatment studies identified using efficacy or effectiveness search terms. We considered subject inclusion and exclusion criteria; numbers of subjects enrolled and the proportion in the primary analyses; inclusion of a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram; use of random assignment; use of placebo control conditions; lengths of treatment and follow-up; primary outcome variable; trial registration; journal impact factor. STUDY SELECTION Studies indexed as efficacy AND 'real-world' AND depression or effectiveness AND 'real-world' AND depression in PubMed up to 18 May 2019. FINDINGS 27 studies met the inclusion criteria 13 effectiveness studies, 6 efficacy studies and 8 studies indexed as both effectiveness and efficacy. Studies identified as effectiveness, efficacy, or both differed on three outcome measures the inclusion criteria were lengthier for efficacy than for effectiveness studies; efficacy studies were more likely to have a placebo control condition than effectiveness studies; and the journal impact factor was lower for effectiveness studies than for studies from the efficacy search or studies identified by both searches. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy and effectiveness research hypothetically use different methodologies, but the efficacy and effectiveness literatures in the treatment of depression were comparable for most of the coded characteristics. The lack of distinguishable characteristics suggests that variably applied terminology may hinder efforts to narrow the gap between research and practice. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER #CRD42019136840. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. C59 manufacturer See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Mutations in UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1), a prenyltransferase that uses geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize the vitamin K2 subtype menaquinone-4 (MK-4), cause Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD).  This autosomal-dominant disorder is characterized by opacification of the cornea that results from abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the tissue.  We previously discovered that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized HMG CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids, including GGpp.  This binding inhibits sterol-accelerated, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of reductase, permitting continued synthesis of GGpp in cholesterol-replete cells.  GGpp triggers release of UBIAD1 from reductase, allowing for its maximal ERAD and ER-to-Golgi translocation of UBIAD1.  SCD-associated UBIAD1 resists GGpp-induced release and remains sequestered in ER to inhibit reductase ERAD.   Here, we report the development of a biochemical assay for UBIAD1-mediated synthesis of MK-4 in isolated membranes and intact cells.  Using this assay, we compared the enzymatic activity of wild type UBIAD1 with that of SCD-associated variants of the enzyme.  Our studies revealed that SCD-associated UBIAD1 exhibited reduced MK-4 synthetic activity, which may result from their reduced affinity for GGpp.  Sequestration in the ER protects SCD-associated UBIAD1 from autophagy and allows intracellular accumulation of the mutant protein, which amplifies the inhibitory effect on reductase ERAD.  These findings have important implications not only for the understanding of SCD etiology, but also for the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering statin therapy, which becomes limited in part because of UBIAD1-mediated inhibition of reductase ERAD. Published under license by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.OBJECTIVE To examine the association between reporting on suicides, especially deaths of celebrities by suicide, and subsequent suicides in the general population. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed/Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, searched up to September 2019. REVIEW METHODS Studies were included if they compared at least one time point before and one time point after media reports on suicide; follow-up was two months or less; the outcome was death by suicide; and the media reports were about non-fictional suicides. Data from studies adopting an interrupted time series design, or single or multiple arm before and after comparisons, were reviewed. RESULTS 31 studies were identified and analysed, and 20 studies at moderate risk of bias were included in the main analyses. The risk of suicide increased by 13% in the period after the media reported a death of a celebrity by suicide (rate ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.18; 14 studies; median follow-up 28 days, range 7-60 days).