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Pathological examination can confirm the diagnosis of medulloepithelioma and distinguish it from other central system tumors. Surgical resection is a safe and effective method that can prolong the life of patients. However, the prognosis of medulloepithelioma is still poor, and further research is needed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease.Poland's syndrome (PS) is a rare musculoskeletal congenital anomaly with a wide spectrum of presentations. It is typically characterized by hypoplasia or aplasia of pectoral muscles, mammary hypoplasia and variably associated ipsilateral limb anomalies. Limb defects can vary in severity, ranging from syndactyly to phocomelia. Most cases are sporadic but familial cases with intrafamilial variability have been reported. Several theories have been proposed regarding the genesis of PS. Vascular disruption theory, "the subclavian artery supply disruption sequence" (SASDS) remains the most accepted pathogenic mechanism. Clinical presentations can vary in severity from syndactyly to phocomelia in the limbs and in the thorax, rib defects to severe chest wall anomalies with impaired lung function. Most patients have subtle presentation at birth and milder forms in childhood. Functional limitations due to PS are usually minimal. Surgical treatment aims to improve pulmonary functions arising from severe thoracic deformities but is more often done to enhance the cosmesis. The use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and fat transfer have shown promising results in recent times for correction of chest defects and breast augmentation. Gaining deeper insights into the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of PS will improve the clinical recognition and management of this rare condition. In this review article, we aim to outline the details of this syndrome including its etiopathogenesis, evolution, spectrum of clinical manifestations, other systemic associations, diagnostic modalities, and recent advances in treatment.Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening syndrome in neonates and has multiple and varied etiologies. However, few clinical studies have systematically evaluated the treatment regimens for this population. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, such as milrinone, tadalafil, dipyridamole, and sildenafil, are the most important regulators of vascular relaxation in the normal pulmonary vascular transition after birth, and these agents are widely used in the treatment of PH. Abemaciclib Sildenafil, a representative PDE-5 inhibitor, has an important role as a single mode of therapy. However, the lack of evidence from pharmacokinetic and clinical trials has limited the emergence of standardized treatment regimens for sildenafil. There are also differing opinions among researchers regarding the best route of sildenafil administration. Due to the interindividual variability in the neonatal population, it is worth selecting the most suitable route of sildenafil administration according to the specific conditions of the neonatal population. These may be evaluated using the oxygenation index (OI), pulmonary artery pressure, mean blood pressure, and the serological index. This article reviews the clinical data on the use of sildenafil, focusing on the current and promising alternative routes of administration, which may affect subsequent clinical research in term and preterm neonates.

Respiratory tract infection (RTIs) is one of common diseases among the children. In recent years, the incidence of

(

) infection rate has been increasing, which cause respiratory tract infection. This study sought to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of

hospitalized children with RTIs to provide a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatments in Chengdu, China.

The data of 22,882 cases of children who had been hospitalized for RTIs were collected.

immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody was detected using the indirect immunofluorescence method and passive agglutination method. The demographic features of patients, clinical diagnoses and laboratory data were also analyzed.

A total of 4,213 children tested positive for

. The total positive rate was 18.41% (18.30% for males and 22.72% for females). Female children had statistically significant higher positive rates than male children (χ

=198.078, P<0.01). The positive rates of

differed significantly among children of differenitive rate in children with bronchial pneumonia and asthma in cases. The prevention measures used to control Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) also effectively controlled the

infection rate.

The epidemiological distribution of M. pneumoniae in children with RTIs in Chengdu was found to be related to gender, age, year and month; however, no relationship was found to temperature and humidity. There was a higher M. pneumoniae positive rate in children with bronchial pneumonia and asthma in cases. The prevention measures used to control Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) also effectively controlled the M. pneumoniae infection rate.

To analyze and summarize the etiological distribution of pertussis-like syndrome in children and to provide a basis for clinical treatment.

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 756 children with pertussis-like syndrome hospitalized at the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine of Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, 2015 to 2019. The etiological features were classified and reviewed.

Among 756 children with pertussis-like syndrome, 439 cases were positive for etiological agents Among the 439 cases, 268 cases were positive for bacterial agents (positive rate 35.45%), including 174 cases (65.25%) positive for

(

). There were 75 cases (9.92%) positive for viral antibodies, including 29 cases (accounting for 38.67% of all cases positive for viral infection) positive for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). There were 243 cases (32.14%) positive for

(

) antibodies. As to the general distribution of infections, cases with infections caused by a single type of bacteria accounted for 20.63%; cases with

infection accounted for 18.78%; and cases with bacterial infection combined with

infection accounted for 8.73%.

, RSV, and

were important pathogens causing pertussis-like syndrome in children. Bacterial infection,

infection, and mixed infection caused by the two pathogens were the primary causes of pertussis-like syndrome in children.

H. influenza, RSV, and M. pneumoniae were important pathogens causing pertussis-like syndrome in children. Bacterial infection, M. pneumoniae infection, and mixed infection caused by the two pathogens were the primary causes of pertussis-like syndrome in children.