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01) and significant negative correlation with self-esteem (p less then 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The Urdu version of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale was found to have acceptable psychometric properties and it can be used in researches conducted in Pakistan.Recent advances in the field of endodontics have greatly improved the outcome and success rate of dental materials. For last three decades, there has been great interest in the development of bioactive dental material with the ability to interact and induce surrounding dental tissues to promote regeneration of pulpal and periradicular tissues. As these bioactive materials are mainly based on calcium silicates, they are also referred to as Calcium Silicate materials. The first material introduced was Mineral Tri-oxide Aggregate, which, due to its favourable biological properties, gained importance initially. However, later, due to its drawbacks, liked is colouration, long setting time and difficult manipulation, several modifications were done and newer bioactive materials, such as Biodentine, BioAggregate, Endosequence, Calcium-Enriched Mixture etc., were developed. The main applications of these materials are for pulp capping (direc t/indirec t), pulpotomy, perforation repair, resorption defects, apexogenesis and as retrograde filling materials, apexification and endodontic sealers. This review discusses the various types of bioactive materials, their composition, setting mechanism, and literature evidence for current applications.OBJECTIVE To assess the functional outcome of three-snip punctoplasty procedure for punctal stenosis at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, and comprised medical records of all patients aged >18 years who underwent three-snip punctoplasty between January 2013 and December 2017. Data was retrieved on age, gender, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, laterality, date of procedure, resolution of symptoms post procedure, date of last eye followup, symptoms at last follow-up, functional outcome (epiphora at 1 month). SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. RESULTS Of the 30 patients, 22(73.3%) were females. Overall mean age at the time of punctoplasty was 57.5±15.57 years. Of all the cases, 17(56.7%) had undergone bilateral puntoplasty. At one month, 20(66.7%) patients were completely symptom-free. Females had better results than males but the difference was not significant (p=0.078). CONCLUSIONS Three-snip punctoplasty was found to be a minimally invasive procedure with good functional outcome that was comparable to other procedures.OBJECTIVE To evaluate operative notes in the light of a standard guideline, and to establish a new more precise proforma for future documentation. METHODS The retrospective study was conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised audit of consecutive General Surgery elective operation theatre notes from October 2015 to November 2015 according to Royal College of Surgeons (England) guidelines 2014. After the audit, all the doctors were educated about the completion of operation notes and an experimental operation notes template was designed and implemented. Re-audit was done. RESULTS A total of 60 operation notes were audited, and of the 20 parameters in the checklist, only 2(10%) were filled up at all times; surgeon's name and procedure. In the remaining 18(90%) parameters, the value ranged from 0% to 98.3%. Re-audit showed 100% note-taking across all the 20 parameters. CONCLUSIONS The new proforma for operative notes allowed no room for error or missed entries.OBJECTIVE To assess knowledge and practice regarding dog bite management among general practitioners in a suburban setting. METHODS This cross-sectional knowledge and practice study was conducted from March 2017 to October 2017 in district Malir, Karachi, and comprised general practitioners conveniently recruited from 32 randomly selected union councils of the district. Bisindolylmaleimide I datasheet The participants were interviewed with the help of a self-generated structured questionnaire. Data were analysed in SS PS 21 . RESULTS Of the 92 practitioners, 67(72.8%) were males, 43(46.7%) had>10 years' experience, and 63(68.5%)were privately employed. The overall mean age of the sample was 43.77±11.5 years. Mean knowledge scores varied significantly across categories of experience only (p=0.020), withthe lessexperienced practitioners having significantly higher mean knowledge compared to the seniors. CONCLUSIONS The experience of the general practitioners significantly affected their knowledge with recent graduates found to have higher mean k nowledge scores than older graduates.OBJECTIVE To assess the learning style preferences of undergraduate medical students and the effect of the preferred learning style on examination outcomes. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2018, at Poonch Medical College, Rawlakot, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, and comprised students from 2nd to 5th year. Data was collected using 16 item visual, aural, read/write and kinaesthetic questionnaire version 7.0. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. RESULTS Of the 406 students, 203(50%) belonged to each of the two colleges. None of the students preferred unimodal or bimodal learning styles, while 191(94.1%) at Poonch Medical College and 189(93.1%) at Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College preferred quad-modal and the remaining preferred trimodal style. Among the combination of learning styles, aural in different combination was preferred by 201(99.01%) of Poonch Medical College students and 202(99.51%) at the other institution. There was no statistically significant relationship between the preferred learning style and examination outcomes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Most of the participants preferred multiple sensory modalities for learning.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of basic training session regarding the awareness of ebola virus disease among nurses of public tertiary care hospitals. METHODS The quasi-experimental study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, from November to December 2015, and comprised nurses working at three public tertiary care hospitals. Baseline and post intervention data was collected through a questionnaire, and was compared using SPSS 20 . RESULTS The sample comprised 100 nurses. The mean baseline knowledge score was 3.93±2.519 which indicated poor knowledge. The post-intervention mean score was 13.18±1.192 and the difference was significant (p less then 0.05).. CONCLUSIONS The basic training session regarding awareness of ebola virus disease was highly effective.