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but the rates of IVIG resistance (RR, 1.26; 95% CI 0.55, 2.92; P = 0.59; random-effects model) and days in hospital (MD, 0.22; 95% CI -0.93, 1.37; P = 0.71; random-effects model) were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose aspirin plus IVIG might be as effective as high-dose aspirin plus IVIG for the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease. Considering that high-dose aspirin may cause more adverse reactions than low-dose aspirin, low-dose aspirin plus IVIG should be recommended as the first-line therapy in the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.The human placental barrier facilitates many key functions during pregnancy, most notably the exchange of all substances between the mother and fetus. However, preclinical models of the placental barrier often lacked the multiple cell layers, syncytialization of the trophoblast cells, and the low oxygen levels that are present within the body. Therefore, we aimed to design and develop an in vitro model of the placental barrier that would reinstate these factors and enable improved investigations of barrier function. BeWo placental trophoblastic cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were co-cultured on contralateral sides of an extracellular matrix-coated transwell insert to establish a multilayered barrier. Epidermal growth factor and forskolin led to significantly increased multi-nucleation of the BeWo cell layer and increased biochemical markers of syncytial fusion, for example syncytin-1 and hCGβ. Our in vitro placental barrier possessed size-specific permeability, with 4,000 Da molecules experiencing greater transport and a lower apparent permeability coefficient than 70,000 Da molecules. read more We further demonstrated that the BeWo layer had greater resistance to smaller molecules compared to the endothelial layer. Chronic, physiologically low oxygen exposure (3-8%) increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and syncytin-1, further increased multi-nucleation of the BeWo cell layer, and decreased barrier permeability only against smaller molecules (457 Da/4,000 Da). In conclusion, we built a novel in vitro co-culture model of the placental barrier that possessed size-specific permeability and could function under physiologically low oxygen levels. Importantly, this will enable future researchers to better study the maternal-fetal transport of nutrients and drugs during pregnancy. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permission@oup.com.The prediction of drug hypersensitivity is difficult due to the lack of appropriate models and known risk factors. In vitro naïve T cell priming assays that assess immunogenicity have been developed. However, their application is limited due requirements for two batches of autologous dendritic cells (DC) and inconsistent results; a consequence of single well readouts when exploring reactions where compound-specific T-cell frequency is undefined. Hence, we aimed to develop an improved, but simplified assay, termed the T cell multiple well assay (T-MWA), that permits assessment of drug-specific activation of naive T cells, alongside analysis of the strength of the induced response and the number of cultures that respond. DC naïve T cell co-culture, depleted of Tregs, was conducted in up to 48 wells for two weeks with model haptens (nitroso sulfamethoxazole [SMX-NO], Bandrowski's base [BB] or piperacillin [PIP]). Cultures were re-challenged with hapten and T cell proliferation was measured using [3H]-thymidine in behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Organic anion transporter 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) play a critical role in renal drug-drug interactions and are involved in the nephrotoxicity of many anionic xenobiotics. To date, relatively little is known about the interaction of natural compounds with OAT1 and OAT3. Of the 270 natural compounds screened in the present study, 21 compounds inhibited OAT1 and 45 compounds inhibited OAT3. Further concentration-dependent studies identified 7 OAT1 inhibitors and 10 OAT3 inhibitors with IC50 values of  less then  10 μM, and most of them were flavonoids, the most commonly ingested polyphenolic compounds in the diet and herbal products. Computational modeling of OAT1 and OAT3 revealed the important residues for the recognition of inhibitors. The two strong OAT inhibitors, namely wedelolactone and wogonin, were evaluated for their in vivo interactions with the OAT substrate aristolochic acid I (AAI), a natural compound causing aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) in many species. The cytotoxicity of AAI increased in two OAT-overexpressing cell lines, with more cytotoxicity in OAT1-overexpressing cells, suggesting a more important role of OAT1 than OAT3 in AAN. Both wedelolactone and wogonin markedly increased serum AAI concentrations in AAI-treated rats, and ameliorated kidney injuries in AAI-treated mice. To conclude, the present findings are of significant value in understanding natural compound-drug interactions, and provide a natural source for developing treatments for AAN. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Enthesitis is a common clinical feature of PsA, which is characterized by inflammation at the site of insertion of tendons, ligaments and joint capsule fibres into bone. Enthesitis is relatively unique to the spondyloarthritides, setting this group of diseases apart from other rheumatological conditions. The pathophysiological underpinnings of this clinical domain, and the imaging assessment of it, are described in accompanying articles in this supplement. The focus of this article is on the assessment of enthesitis by physical examination, the impact of enthesitis on function and quality of life, the impact of concomitant FM on clinical assessment, and the evidence for therapy of enthesitis garnered in trials of biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs. Several physical examination measures of enthesitis have been developed and have proved reliable in assessment of enthesitis. Enthesitis has a significant deleterious impact on function and quality of life. The presence of concomitant FM in ≤20% of patients may result in artefactual worsening of assessment of disease severity and hinder achievement of the goal of low disease activity or remission.