Holtkamp1739

Hereditary angioedema(HAE)is a rare,hereditary disease characterized by recurrent subcutaneous and submucosal edema.Known genes associated with the pathogenesis of HAE include C1 esterase inhibitor gene,FⅫ gene,plasminogen gene,and angiopoietin 1 gene.Based on the known gene mutations,this review analyzes the effects of these mutations on the functions of protein products to figure out the possible pathogenic mechanism,so as to provide references for further investigations on the pathogenesis of HAE and seeking new prevention and treatment approaches.Brown adipose tissue(BAT)can convert chemical energy into thermal energy by uncoupling protein 1.It has high activity in substrate oxidation,and its activation can increase the whole energy consumption,lower the blood glucose and lipid levels,and promote the body homeostasis.Previous literature has attributed the metabolism role of BAT to its uncoupled respiratory and thermogenic functions,whereas recent studies have shown that BAT has secretory function,and the secretory factors exert local or systemic effects on energy metabolism.Therefore,a better understanding of the roles of BAT-derived factors in metabolism may help to optimize the treatment of metabolic diseases.Transfusion-related acute lung injury(TRALI)is a severe pulmonary complication of transfusion and has been one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated deaths.However,the pathogenesis of TRALI is still unclear,and treatment and prevention of this condition also face huge challenges.Many recent studies have explored the roles of various effector cells and effector molecules in TRALI and possible related mechanisms based on various hypotheses,in order to find the key factors that induce TRALI and the potential prevention measures.This article reviews the pathogenesis,prevention,and treatment of TRALI.Objective To analyze the common animals,modeling methods,modeling indicators,and applicable indicators of animal models of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathies(DPN)by literature review.Methods Literature on animal experiments concerning type 2 DPN were searched in databases including CNKI,PubMed,and Wanfang Database.The relevant indicators and data were statistically analyzed.Results SD rats were commonly used as the modeling animals of type 2 DPN,and the commonly used method was experimental induction,during which a combination of low-dose streptozotocin(STZ)and high-energy intake was applied.Indicators of successful modeling of type 2 diabetes mellitus includedfasting blood glucose>11.1 mmol/L or random blood glucose> 13.8 mmol/L and insulin resistance;indicators of successful DPN modeling includeddecreased nerve conduction velocity,abnormal thermal and mechanical pain,abnormal morphology of sciatic nerve,and decreased subepidermal nerve fibers.Conclusions Type 2 DPN animal modeling usually uses SD male rats,which are fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet(containing 10% lard and 20% sucrose)or high-fat diet(containing 45%-60% Lard)combined with a single intraperitoneal injection of low-dose STZ(25-35 mg/kg),which is featured by high modeling rate,low mortality,and strong operability.With the success of modeling can be judged by the behaviors,pathomorphology,and neuroelectricity of the animals.These findings may inform further studies on the mechanisms of early-stage type 2 DPN and its interventions.Objective To investigate the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings of ovarian thecomas and improve the accuracy of preoperative MRI diagnosis of the disease.Methods A retrospective analysis of 48 patients with ovarian thecoma confirmed by operation and pathology was performed.According to the maximum diameter,the lesions were divided into≥5 cm and less then 5 cm groups and analyzed in terms of location,size,shape,boundary,cystic necrosis,T1WI/T2WI signals,DWI characteristics,enhancement features,and pelvic effusion.The diagnostic score was evaluated by MRI(the highest score was 6 points).Results All the 48 lesions were single.In the≥5 cm group(n=39),the tumor boundary was clear in 37 cases and unclear in 2 cases;necrosis was found in 35 cases;T1WI showed equal signals in 23 cases and equal low signals in 16 cases;T2WI showed equal signals in 7 cases,equal low signals in 23 cases,and slightly higher signals in 9 cases;DWI showed high signals in 23 cases and mixed high signals in 16 cases;dynamic enhanced sc levels was significantly higher than that of patients without cystic lesions(χ2=5.847,P=0.016;contingency coefficeient=0.330).Conclusions Large ovarian thecomas have high or mixed high signals on DWI;they are often accompanied by pelvic fluid and cystic necrosis,and the cystic necrosis is common and has small involvement.For small ovarian thecomas,DWI often reveals high signals,and cystic necrosis is rare.MRI score evaluation combined with patient's age and other factors is helpful to improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.Objective To assess the diagnostic value of dual energy pulmonary perfusion imaging(DEPI)for pulmonary embolism.Methods The clinical data of 87 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism who had received DEPI between August 2017 and July 2018 in Jiaxing Second Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.With the findings of CT pulmonary angiography(CTPA)as the reference standard and with patients and pulmonary lobes as evaluation units,respectively,a diagnostic test was performed to calculate the diagnostic coincidence rate,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,Youden index,positive likelihood ratio,negative likelihood ratio,and Kappa coefficient value for the diagnosis of DEPI and CTPA.Results The coincidence rate,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,Youden index,positive likelihood ratio,and negative likelihood ratio were 85.06%,88.41%,72.22%,92.42%,61.90%,0.61,3.18,and 0.16,respectively,when applying the patients as evaluation units.When the pulmonary lobes were invoked as evaluation units,the above-mentioned indexes were 89.57%,76.80%,96.82%,93.20%,88.02%,0.74,24.15,and 0.24,respectively.The diagnostic results of DEPI and CTPA had a good and excellent consistency,respectively(Kappa value=0.571,0.765).Conclusions DEPI has high accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity in the detection of pulmonary embolism.The combination of DEPI with CTPA can simultaneously obtain the anatomical structure and functional information images,greatly improving the diagnostic accuracy for pulmonary embolism.Thus,it can be used as the preferred examination for patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism.