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o not address the potential impact of using the Canadian C-Spine Rule to evaluate collegiate or pro athletes assessed by sport medicine physicians. It does support using the Canadian C-Spine Rule as a tool in sport-injured patients assessed by paramedics.

In 2016, based on recommendations of the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), Choosing Wisely Canada released transfusion guidelines for patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia. The goal of the present study was to examine the number of transfusions given in Calgary emergency departments (EDs) before and after the release of these guidelines.

We analyzed 11,786 anemia encounters from January 2014 to December 2019. A transfusion was considered potentially avoidable if the patient's hemoglobin was > 70g/L and if the patient was hemodynamically stable. We used time-series analyses to examine change in rate of total and potentially avoidable transfusions quarterly over the total and pre and post intervention periods.

In total, 1409/11,786 (12.0%) of the encounters received transfusions; 80.0% (1127/1409) were indicated while 19.9% (281/1409) were potentially avoidable. In the pre-intervention period, the rate of potentially avoidable transfusions was 21.5% (133/618) and in the post-intervention period, the rate of potentially avoidable transfusions was 18.7% (148/791). The rate of potentially avoidable transfusions decreased quarterly at a rate of 0.3% which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06).

Our data suggest that the number of potentially avoidable transfusions has not decreased since the release of Choosing Wisely Canada guidelines and local educational initiatives. This may be due to the fact that there is a pre-existing down trend in the number of transfusions provided.

Our data suggest that the number of potentially avoidable transfusions has not decreased since the release of Choosing Wisely Canada guidelines and local educational initiatives. This may be due to the fact that there is a pre-existing down trend in the number of transfusions provided.

Statins are potent cholesterol-lowering drugs that prevent cardiovascular events. microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways and cardiovascular functions post-transcriptionally. This study explored the effects of statins on the expression of miRNAs and their target genes involved in lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells.

HepG2 cells were treated with atorvastatin or simvastatin (0.1-10µM) for 24h. The expression of 84 miRNAs and nine target genes, selected by in silico studies, was measured by qPCR Array and TaqMan-qPCR, respectively.

Five miRNAs were upregulated (miR-129, miR-143, miR-205, miR-381 and miR-495) and two downregulated (miR-29b and miR-33a) in atorvastatin-treated HepG2 cells. Simvastatin also downregulated miR-33a expression. GsMTx4 Both statins upregulated LDLR, HMGCR, LRP1, and ABCG1, and downregulated FDFT1 and ABCB1, whereas only atorvastatin increased SCAP mRNA levels. In silico analysis of miRNA-mRNA interactions revealed a single network with six miRNAs modulating genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The statin-dysregulated miRNAs were predicted to target genes involved in cellular development and differentiation, regulation of metabolic process and expression of genes involved in inflammation, and lipid metabolism disorders contributing to metabolic and liver diseases.

Atorvastatin-mediated miR-129, miR-143, miR-205, miR-381, and miR-495 upregulation, and miR-29b, and miR-33a downregulation, modulate the expression of target genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Thus, statins may prevent hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorate dyslipidemia.

Atorvastatin-mediated miR-129, miR-143, miR-205, miR-381, and miR-495 upregulation, and miR-29b, and miR-33a downregulation, modulate the expression of target genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Thus, statins may prevent hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorate dyslipidemia.

Digoxin immune fab products, DigiBind and DigiFab, are antidotes for the treatment of patients with life-threatening or potentially life-threatening digoxin toxicity or overdose. Although approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986 (DigiBind) and 2001 (DigiFab), there remains a paucity of literature describing the safety of these products in the postmarketing setting.

We sought to assess US adverse event (AE) reports submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for DigiBind and DigiFab in the postmarketing period.

We searched reports for DigiBind and DigiFab submitted from the time of each product approval through December 31, 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to assess AE reports for DigiBind and DigiFab. Empirical Bayes geometric means (EBGMs) and their 90% confidence intervals were computed to identify disproportionate (i.e., at least twice the expected) reporting of DigiBind and DigiFab. Reports describing selected AEs and death outcomes were individually review confounded by indication for use.

Concussion is a growing public health concern and generating concussion prevention programs depends on identifying high-risk sports and characteristics. Identifying the roles of sport, sex, and participation level (e.g., high school versus collegiate athletics) in concussion risk would facilitate more informed decision-making regarding sports participation and generate better targeted prevention strategies.

The current study's objectives were to (1) determine the magnitude and hierarchy of sports-related concussion (SRC) risk across an array of events and (2) evaluate the modifying roles of sex, participation level, and session type on SRC rates.

A literature search was conducted on PubMed, searching concussion studies published between 2001 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria for studies required (1) concussion occurred during sport, (2) that the SRC was clinically diagnosed, and (3) athlete exposures and concussions could be extracted or estimated. A study was excluded if it (1) was not an original American Football, ice hockey, and wrestling. Concussion risk was influenced by sport, sex, participation, and session. Identifying the factors and environments that influence concussion risk can facilitate risk reduction and prevention strategies.

This meta-analysis demonstrated rugby has the highest concussion risk, followed by American Football, ice hockey, and wrestling. Concussion risk was influenced by sport, sex, participation, and session. Identifying the factors and environments that influence concussion risk can facilitate risk reduction and prevention strategies.