Macdonaldulrich9397

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Members of minority groups may face stress as they navigate between their native culture and the dominant culture. No measure exists for evaluating acculturative stress among deaf individuals in the United States. The current study examined the psychometric properties of a modified version of the 24-item Social Attitudinal Familial and Environmental Acculturative Stress Scale (SAFE; Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987) for use with deaf undergraduate students (SAFE-D). Research Method/Design 145 (88 females and 57 males), deaf, undergraduate students (Median age = 20.0; SD age = 4.9) from a bilingual, multicultural university were included in the study. Seventy-four percent were White, 10.4% Hispanic/Latino, 9.7% Black/African American, 0.7% Asian, and 9% multiracial. The SAFE-D included 23 items. Ten items were modified, 2 items were deleted, and 1 item was added. RESULTS The SAFE-D demonstrated high internal reliability (α = .931). Four factors were identified Perceived Societal Barriers, Social Difficulties, Family Marginalization, and Discrimination. Evidence for construct validity was demonstrated through the association of SAFE-D scores with Deaf and Hearing acculturation. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Levels of acculturative stress in the current sample were close to those reported among late immigrant and English as a Second Language undergraduate students. The 4 factors did not match those of the original SAFE scale but reflected a bidirectional model of acculturative stress unique to deaf individuals. These findings suggest that acculturative stress is a serious concern among deaf undergraduate students and that the SAFE-D can be used to assess deaf acculturative stress in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The study of personality in nonhuman primates has increased substantially, but most studies so far have been conducted with captive animals. In addition, few studies investigated the personality of Neotropical (Platyrrhini) monkeys. If we aim at investigating the ecological and social significance of personality in nonhuman primates, conducting studies of wild populations and covering a wide range of taxa is essential. In this study, we analyzed the personality structure of a wild group of Neotropical monkeys, the yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos). We adopted two widespread methods trait rating, using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, and behavioral coding, analyzing 13 behaviors and 3 derived variables. We described 3 traits with trait rating, labeled Openness-Neuroticism, Assertiveness, and Attentiveness-Sociability. We also described 3 traits with behavioral coding, labeled Prosociality, Aggressiveness, and Reactivity to Humans. Comparing both methods we found not only broad convergences between the structures obtained (e.g., both showed prosocial and aggressive traits) but also some differences (e.g., Openness-Neuroticism was not clearly defined with behavioral coding), concluding that combining both methods provided complementary findings. Some socioecological variables seem to influence the expression of personality in captive versus wild living monkeys. For example, in our study, assertive individuals were more vigilant, whereas in the studies in captivity, neurotic individuals were more vigilant. These questions highlight the need for more research in wild conditions and enlarging the number of species and populations studied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Prior evidence suggests that White participants who repeatedly approach images of Black people and avoid images of White people can exhibit a reduction in implicit racial bias (Kawakami, Phills, Steele, & Dovidio, 2007). In contrast, a recent study by Van Dessel, De Houwer, Gast, and Smith (2015) showed that mere instructions to perform approach-avoidance training in an upcoming phase produces a similar change in implicit evaluations of unfamiliar but not familiar social groups. We report 4 experiments that examined the replicability and generalizability of these findings for well-known social groups. Experiment 1 was a replication of the study by Kawakami et al. (2007) in a different domain (i.e., Flemish students' bias toward Turkish people) showing relatively weak evidence for small approach-avoidance training effects on implicit evaluations and explicit liking ratings. Experiment 2 replicated the finding of Van Dessel et al. (2015) that approach-avoidance instructions do not influence implicit evaluationstainty regarding the boundary conditions of these effects and the underlying mental processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Alcohol consumption may precede, or result from, behavioral inflexibility and contribute to individuals' difficulties ceasing drinking. Attentional set shifting tasks are an animal analog to a human behavioral flexibility task requiring recognition of a previous strategy as inappropriate, and the formation and maintenance of a novel strategy (Floresco, Block, & Tse, 2008). Abstinent individuals with alcohol use disorder, nonalcoholic individuals with a family history of alcoholism, and mice exposed to chronic-intermittent alcohol vapor show impaired behavioral flexibility (Gierski et al., 2013; Hu, Morris, Carrasco, & Kroener, 2015; Oscar-Berman et al., 2009). selleck products Behavioral flexibility deficits can be linked to frontal cortical regions connected to the striatum (Ragozzino, 2007), and alterations to the endocannabinoid system, implicated in drug seeking and consumption (Economidou et al., 2006; Serrano & Parsons, 2011), may affect these behaviors. Alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rodents exhibit differences in CB1 receptor expression (CB1R; Hansson et al., 2007; Hungund & Basavarajappa, 2000), but whether dorsal striatal CB1Rs are important for other alcohol-related behaviors such as attentional set shifting tasks remains unclear. This study assesses whether selectively bred high (HAP) versus low alcohol-preferring mice differ in an operant attentional set shifting task or CB1R levels in the dorsal striatum and whether a history of voluntary alcohol consumption in crossed HAP mice exacerbates inflexibility. Contrary to our hypothesis, neither genetic differences in alcohol preference nor drinking affected set shifting. However, high alcohol-preferring mice-3 mice showed reduced levels of dorsal striatal CB1R compared with low alcohol-preferring-3 mice, suggesting that genetic differences in alcohol consumption may be mediated in part by striatal CB1R. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).