Djurhuuscoates6190

This method could be used to control CPA production in cheese by detection of dmaT expression.Wheat is one of the most important crops in Argentina and worldwide. One of the major diseases affecting the crop is the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). It is an endemic disease caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, the most common agent of FHB around the world. The infection is strongly influenced by environmental parameters and occurs mostly when there are favourable conditions of moisture and temperature during wheat anthesis or flowering. This destructive disease affects wheat, barley and other small grains and has the capability of destroying crops, causing great economic losses due to reduced grain quality, and the accumulation of significant levels of mycotoxins such as trichothecenes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on mycotoxin biosynthesis, on three strains of F. graminearum of 15-ADON genotype and one of 3-ADON genotype, with different capacity of synthesizing DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON. Trichothecene production of the strains at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d of incubation. The optimum temperature to produce DON and 3-ADON was between 25 and 30 °C, but the maximum production of 15-ADON occurred at a lower temperature (10 °C) for all the strains. Conversely, the minimum production of DON and 3-ADON was recorded between 5 and 10 °C and of 15-ADON between 30 and 35 °C. A possible explanation for the similar accumulation of both acetyl derivatives by strains of different chemotype and genotypes could be that the acetyl derivatives biosynthesis is regulated by temperature.There is a growing interest in finding safe and natural anti-microbial compounds as a valid alternative to conventional chemical treatments for managing post-harvest fruit diseases. This study investigated the anti-fungal capacity of orange peel polyphenolic extract (OPE) against three relevant post-harvest fungal pathogens, Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. OPE extract at 1.5 g/L inhibited (100%) the mycelial growth and conidial germination of the three target fungi. At lower concentration, the effect varied, depending on the dose applied and target fungi. When the anti-fungal activity of the main phenolic compounds in sweet orange peel, namely, the flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin) and phenolic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric), were evaluated, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid displayed significantly higher inhibitory capacity in synthetic medium, while the activity of flavonoids was limited. Synergism between compounds was not detected, and the inhibitory activity of OPE may be attributed to an additive effect of phenolic acids. Interestingly, in peach-based medium, ferulic acid remained active against M. fructicola and A. alternata and was more efficient than p-coumaric to control B. cinerea. These results highlight peel orange waste as an excellent source of anti-fungal compounds, suggesting the possibility of using ferulic acid or ferulic acid-rich extracts, either alone or in combination with other post-harvest treatment, as a natural alternative to reduce post-harvest losses and, also, enhance the shelf-life of fruit.The environmental conditions during the ripening of dry-cured meats and their nutritional composition promote the colonisation of their surface by Penicillium spp., including P. nordicum producer of ochratoxin A (OTA). The objective of this work was to study the competitiveness of three potential biocontrol candidates (Debaryomyces hansenii FHSCC 253H, Enterococcus faecium SE920 and Penicillium chrysogenum CECT, 20922) against the ochratoxigenic P. nordicum FHSCC4 under environmental and nutritional conditions simulating the ripening of dry-cured meat products. For this, the nutritional utilisation pattern, niche overlap index (NOI), interactions by dual-culture assays and OTA production were determined. The number of carbon sources (CSs) metabolised depended on the microorganism and the interacting water activity (aw) x temperature conditions. The number of CSs utilised by both filamentous fungi was quite similar and higher than those utilised by D. hansenii and E. faecium. The yeast isolate metabolised a nu the manufacture of dry-cured meat products.Fusarium-controlling fungicides are necessary to limit crop loss. Little is known about the effect of antifungal formulations at sub-lethal doses, and their interaction with abiotic factors, on Fusarium culmorum and F. check details proliferatum development and on zearalenone and fumonisin biosynthesis, respectively. In the present study different treatments based on sulfur, trifloxystrobin and demethylation inhibitor fungicides (cyproconazole, tebuconazole and prothioconazole) under different environmental conditions, in Maize Extract Medium, are assayed in vitro. Several machine learning methods (neural networks, random forest and extreme gradient boosted trees) have been applied for the first time for modeling growth of F. culmorum and F. proliferatum and zearalenone and fumonisin production, respectively. The most effective treatment was prothioconazole, 250 g/L + tebuconazole, 150 g/L. Effective doses of this formulation for reduction or total growth inhibition ranged as follows ED50 0.49-1.70, ED90 2.57-6.02 and ED100 4.0-8.0 µg/mL, depending on the species, water activity and temperature. Overall, the growth rate and mycotoxin levels in cultures decreased when doses increased. Some treatments in combination with certain aw and temperature values significantly induced toxin production. The extreme gradient boosted tree was the model able to predict growth rate and mycotoxin production with minimum error and maximum R2 value.Little is known on the impact that climate change (CC) may have on Aspergillus carbonarius and Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes, especially in the Mediterranean region where in CC scenarios temperature are expected to increase by +2-5 °C and CO2 from 400 to 800/1200 ppm. This study examined the effect of (i) current and increased temperature in the alternating 11.5 h dark/12.5 h light cycle (15-28 °C vs 18-34 °C), representative of the North Apulia area, South Italy and (ii) existing and predicted CO2 concentrations (400 vs 1000 ppm), on growth, expression of biosynthetic genes (AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAhal, AcOTAp450, AcOTAbZIP) and regulatory genes of Velvet complex (laeA/veA/velB, "velvet complex") involved in OTA biosynthesis and OTA phenotypic production by three strains of A. carbonarius. link2 The experiments made on a grape-based matrix showed that elevated CO2 resulted in a general stimulation of growth and OTA production. These results were also supported by the up-regulation of both structural and regulatory genes involved in the OTA biosynthesis. Our work has shown for the first time that elevated CO2 concentration in the Mediterranean region may result in an increased risk of OTA contamination in the wine production chain.Silages constitute a major component of the feed ration for dairy cows, being a potential source of mycotoxins due to the possible contamination by filamentous fungi capable of producing these toxic compounds. In this study, samples of different kinds of silages collected from farms located in four regions of Spain, were analysed to evaluate the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and Fusarium mycotoxins. Lactic acid bacteria and fungal populations as well as pH and water activity were also studied. Penicillium, Geotrichum and Monascus were the main fungi identified in all the silages examined. The incidence of AFs was low (10 % of positive samples). Fusarium mycotoxins were detected in 40 % of the samples and fumonisins (FBs) were the most commonly detected. Maize silage was the most heavily contaminated type of silage. Levels of mycotoxins detected in positive samples did not exceed the EU guidance values. The lack of relationship between Fusarium counts and its mycotoxin concentrations suggested that mycotoxin production possibly occurred pre-ensiling or immediately post-ensiling. Outcomes showed that mould growth and mycotoxin contamination in silages should be regularly monitored in order to minimize the exposure of dairy cows to contaminated feed.Evidence of clinical and/or biochemical androgen excess poses a unique differential in postmenopausal women. Some signs and symptoms of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism can be normal and attributed to the natural aging process. However, the causes of androgen excess in this group include both nontumorous and tumorous causes. Treatment of androgen excess may improve both quality of life and long-term metabolic outcomes.Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women and is associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, venous thromboembolism, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Clinicians and patients alike need to be aware of these increased risks as well as new international guidelines that recommend frequent screening and active management of metabolic abnormalities. Given that the data on risk of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, in women with PCOS is mixed, future large-scale, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these potential risks.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex genetic disorder with many genetic loci contributing small risk. Large genome-wide association studies identified 21 genetic risk loci for PCOS in European and Han Chinese women. The genetic architecture is similar across PCOS diagnostic categories. The next wave of analysis will incorporate large genotyped datasets linked to medical records, increasing numbers and ethnic subsets. The resulting genetic risk loci can then be used to create robust genetic risk scores enhanced with clinical information, environment and lifestyle data for a precision medicine approach to PCOS diagnosis and treatment.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive age women and is associated with subfertility and adverse perinatal outcomes, which may include early pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive spectrum disorder, preterm birth, fetal growth disorders, and cesarean deliveries. The phenotypic heterogeneity, different diagnostic criteria, and PCOS-related conditions that women enter pregnancy with have limited evidenced-based studies and guidelines to reduce pregnancy complications among this high-risk population. link3 This review summarizes the available evidence on the approach and management of women with PCOS preconception, prenatal, and postpartum.The triad of hirsutism, amenorrhea, and enlarged polycystic ovaries first was described in 1935 and later become known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS are more likely to have cardiometabolic challenges that also have an indirect relationship to their fertility and fertility outcomes. Despite these challenges, their fertile life span appears to be longer. Ovulation induction is considered first-line management of infertility in women with PCOS, with letrozole superior to clomiphene. Women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilization are high risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome but also have a higher live birth rate compared with controls.