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94; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.96; p = 0.213) and hs-cTnI-Architect (AUC 0.92; 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93; p 60 ng/l identified patients at high risk with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 76.8% (95% CI 68.9% to 83.6%). The 0/1-h algorithm ruled out 55% of patients (NPV 100%; 95% CI 98.8% to 100%), and ruled in 18% of patients (PPV 76.8%; 95% CI 67.2% to 84.7%). Ruled-out patients had cumulative event rates of 0% at 30 days and 1.6% at 2 years. This study confirmed these findings in a secondary analysis including hs-cTnI-Architect for central adjudication. CONCLUSIONS The POC-hs-cTnI-TriageTrue assay provides high diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected MI with a clinical performance that is at least comparable to that of best-validated central laboratory assays. (Advantageous Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndromes Evaluation Study [APACE]; NCT00470587). BACKGROUND Recent emphasis on reduced duration and/or intensity of antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) irrespective of indication for PCI may fail to account for the substantial risk of subsequent nontarget lesion events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to examine the effect of more potent antiplatelet therapy on the basis of the timing and etiology of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiovascular death following PCI for ACS. METHODS In the TRITON-TIMI 38 study (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38), which randomized patients to prasugrel or clopidogrel, 12,844 patients with ACS received at least 1 stent. MI and cardiovascular death were categorized as 1) procedural (related to revascularization); 2) definite or probable stent thrombosis (ST); or 3) spontaneous (non-ST or non-procedure-related). Median follow-up was 14.5 mc events. (Comparison of Prasugrel [CS-747] and Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome Subjects Who Are to Undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; NCT00097591). BACKGROUND A quarter of a century ago, two global events-the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, and the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing-placed gender equality and reproductive health and rights at the centre of the development agenda. Progress towards these goals has been slower than hoped. We used survey data and national-level indicators of social determinants from 74 countries to examine change in satisfaction of contraceptive need from a contextual perspective. METHODS We searched for individual-level data from repeated nationally representative surveys that included information on sexual and reproductive health, and created a single dataset by harmonising data from each survey to a standard data specification. We described the relative timings of sexual initiation, first union (cohabitation or marriage), and first birth and used logistic regression to show the change in prevalence of sexual activity, demand for contraception, and modern contraceptive use. We usedhanges, and provided the original source is properly cited. This article shall not be used or reproduced in association with the promotion of commercial products, services or any entity. There should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organisation, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.Cytosolic DNA acts as a universal danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal; however, the mechanisms of self-DNA release into the cytosol and its role in inflammatory tissue injury are not well understood. We found that the internalized bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D, which formed mitochondrial pores and induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release into the cytosol of endothelial cells. mtDNA was recognized by the DNA sensor cGAS and generated the second messenger cGAMP, which suppressed endothelial cell proliferation by downregulating YAP1 signaling. RG 6078 This indicated that the surviving endothelial cells in the penumbrium of the inflammatory injury were compromised in their regenerative capacity. In an experimental model of inflammatory lung injury, deletion of cGas in mice restored endothelial regeneration. The results suggest that targeting the endothelial Gasdermin D activated cGAS-YAP signaling pathway could serve as a potential strategy for restoring endothelial function after inflammatory injury. BACKGROUND Effective adjuvant treatment after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important area of research. Radioactive iodine (131I)-labelled metuximab is a radiolabelled monoclonal antibody against the CD147 (also known as basigin or HAb18G) antigen that is expressed in HCC. We aimed to examine the role of 131I-metuximab as an adjuvant therapy after HCC resection. METHODS This randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial was done at five medical centres in China. Patients aged 18-75 years who underwent curative-intent resection of histologically confirmed HCC expressing CD147 were randomly assigned (11) by a computer-generated random sequence, stratified by centre, to receive either adjuvant transarterial injection of one dose of 27·75 MBq/kg 131I-metuximab 4-6 weeks after the hepatectomy (treatment group) or no adjuvant treatment (control group). Patients and physicians were not masked to the study groups. The primary outcome was 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) intreatment was well tolerated by patients. FUNDING State Key Project on Infectious Diseases of China. Although the ventromedial hypothalamus ventrolateral area (VMHvl) is now well established as a critical locus for the generation of conspecific aggression, its role is complex, with neurons responding during multiple phases of social interactions with both males and females. It has been previously unclear how the brain uses this complex multidimensional signal and coordinates a discrete action the attack. Here, we find a hypothalamic-midbrain circuit that represents hierarchically organized social signals during aggression. Optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping reveals a preferential projection from VMHvlvGlut2 to lPAGvGlut2 cells, and inactivation of downstream lPAGvGlut2 populations results in aggression-specific deficits. lPAG neurons are selective for attack action and exhibit short-latency, time-locked spiking relative to the activity of jaw muscles during biting. Last, we find that this projection conveys male-biased signals from the VMHvl to downstream lPAGvGlut2 neurons that are sensitive to features of ongoing activity, suggesting that action selectivity is generated by a combination of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. How does information from seconds earlier affect neocortical responses to new input? We found that when two groups of participants heard the same sentence in a narrative, preceded by different contexts, the neural responses of each group were initially different but gradually fell into alignment. We observed a hierarchical gradient sensory cortices aligned most quickly, followed by mid-level regions, while some higher-order cortical regions took more than 10 seconds to align. What computations explain this hierarchical temporal organization? Linear integration models predict that regions that are slower to integrate new information should also be slower to forget old information. However, we found that higher-order regions could rapidly forget prior context. The data from the cortical hierarchy were instead captured by a model in which each region maintains a temporal context representation that is nonlinearly integrated with input at each moment, and this integration is gated by local prediction error. To interpret the environment, our brain must evaluate external stimuli against internal representations from past experiences. How primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices process stimuli depending on recent experiences is unclear. Using simultaneous multi-area population imaging of projection neurons and focal optogenetic inactivation, we studied mice performing a whisker-based working memory task. We find that activity reflecting a current stimulus, the recollection of a previous stimulus (cued recall), and the stimulus category are distributed across S1 and S2. Despite this overlapping representation, S2 is important for processing cued recall responses and transmitting these responses to S1. S2 network properties differ from S1, wherein S2 persistently encodes cued recall and the stimulus category under passive conditions. Although both areas encode the stimulus category, only information in S1 is important for task performance through pathways that do not necessarily include S2. These findings reveal both distributed and segregated roles for S1 and S2 in context-dependent sensory processing. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to improve the quality of life of individuals with severe motor disabilities. BCIs capture the user's brain activity and translate it into commands for the control of an effector, such as a computer cursor, robotic limb, or functional electrical stimulation device. Full dexterous manipulation of robotic and prosthetic arms via a BCI system has been a challenge because of the inherent need to decode high dimensional and preferably real-time control commands from the user's neural activity. Nevertheless, such functionality is fundamental if BCI-controlled robotic or prosthetic limbs are to be used for daily activities. In this chapter, we review how this challenge has been addressed by BCI researchers and how new solutions may improve the BCI user experience with robotic effectors. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is characterized by an inability to move or speak in the presence of intact cognition and can be caused by brainstem trauma or neuromuscular disease. Quality of life (QoL) in LIS is strongly impaired by the inability to communicate, which cannot always be remedied by traditional augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) solutions if residual muscle activity is insufficient to control the AAC device. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may offer a solution by employing the person's neural signals instead of relying on muscle activity. Here, we review the latest communication BCI research using noninvasive signal acquisition approaches (electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy) and subdural and intracortical implanted electrodes, and we discuss current efforts to translate research knowledge into usable BCI-enabled communication solutions that aim to improve the QoL of individuals with LIS. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.A spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in impairments of motor, sensory, and autonomous functions below the injury level. Worldwide, the prevalence of SCI is 11000 and the incidence is between 4 and 9 new cases per 100,000 people per year. Most common causes for traumatic SCI are traffic accidents, falls, and violence. Nowadays, the proportion of patients with tetraplegia and paraplegia is equal. In industrialized countries, the percentage of nontraumatic injuries increases together with age. Most patients with initially preserved motor functions below the injury level show a substantial functional recovery, while three quarters of patients with initially complete SCI remain that way. In SCI, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may be used in the subacute phase as part of a restorative therapy program and, later, for control of assistive devices most needed by individuals with high cervical lesions. Research on structural and functional reorganization of the deefferented and deafferented brain after SCI is inconclusive mainly because of varying methods of analysis and the heterogeneity of the investigated populations.