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jacent wound suggest that epidermal allografts include nonterminally differentiated cells and/or trigger recruitment of donor bone-marrow-derived cells to mediate wound healing.Plant viruses encode movement proteins (MPs) that ensure the transport of viral genomes through plasmodesmata (PD) and use cell endomembranes, mostly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), for delivery of viral genomes to PD and formation of PD-anchored virus replication compartments. Here, we demonstrate that the Hibiscus green spot virus BMB2 MP, an integral ER protein, induces constrictions of ER tubules, decreases the mobility of ER luminal content, and exhibits an affinity to highly curved membranes. These properties are similar to those described for reticulons, cellular proteins that induce membrane curvature to shape the ER tubules. Similar to reticulons, BMB2 adopts a W-like topology within the ER membrane. BMB2 targets PD and increases their size exclusion limit, and these BMB2 activities correlate with the ability to induce constrictions of ER tubules. We propose that the induction of ER constrictions contributes to the BMB2-dependent increase in PD permeability and formation of the PD-associated replication compartments, therefore facilitating the virus intercellular spread. Furthermore, we show that the ER tubule constrictions also occur in cells expressing TGB2, one of the three MPs of Potato virus X (PVX), and in PVX-infected cells, suggesting that reticulon-like MPs are employed by diverse RNA viruses.Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyses reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide, a light-dependent reaction of chlorophyll biosynthesis. POR is also important in plant development as it is the main constituent of prolamellar bodies in etioplast membranes. Prolamellar bodies are highly organised, paracrystalline structures comprising aggregated oligomeric structures of POR-Pchlide-NADPH complexes. How these oligomeric structures are formed and the role of Pchlide in oligomerisation remains unclear. POR crystal structures highlight two peptide regions that form a 'lid' to the active site, and undergo conformational change on binding Pchlide. Here, we show that Pchlide binding triggers formation of large oligomers of POR using size exclusion chromatography. A POR 'octamer' has been isolated and its structure investigated by cryo-electron microscopy at 7.7 Å resolution. This structure shows that oligomer formation is most likely driven by the interaction of amino acid residues in the highly conserved lid regions. this website Computational modelling indicates that Pchlide binding stabilises exposure of hydrophobic surfaces formed by the lid regions, which supports POR dimerisation and ultimately oligomer formation. Studies with variant PORs demonstrate that lid residues are involved in substrate binding and photocatalysis. These highly conserved lid regions therefore have a dual function. The lid residues position Pchlide optimally to enable photocatalysis. Following Pchlide binding, they also enable POR oligomerisation - a process that is reversed through subsequent photocatalysis in the early stages of chloroplast development.All surgical and minimally invasive procedures carry a risk of complications. It is imperative that the facial plastic surgeon and his/her staff are well educated in recognizing and managing all the possible problems that could arise. They must also be ready and able to deal with and correct any problem. The patient undergoing surgery or a procedure also needs to be informed of all possible sequelae and complications. Sequelae will happen after almost all procedures. These include soreness, swelling, bruising, and so on. If the patients understand that these are to be expected, they will be less likely to be overly concerned about them. They also must be educated about all the possible complications. They should be told that while complications are very rare, they could nevertheless happen. If a problem should arise, the surgeon and his/her staff should correct it and see that the patient receives the best care possible. This article examines the complications that could occur after rejuvenation surgery and minimally invasive procedures of the lower face and neck, what measures can be undertaken to reduce the risks, and how to recognize and manage them.Rhytidectomy, or facelift in layman's terms, is performed to reverse the appearance of facial aging. A lift can improve volume shifts with age, reposition sagging tissues, and eliminate skin redundancy. There are limitations to what can be accomplished with a facelift alone. Commonly performed adjuncts including surgery to the eyelids or brows, liposuction, and even rhinoplasty can be combined to improve the result. Further options exist that are more commonly overlooked or rarely offered to patients but can greatly enhance the surgeon's ability to remove years from the face. This article will cover some additional options that every facial plastic surgeon should be familiar with and experienced to both describe and perform.Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are in increasing demand worldwide. Patients are constantly searching for office-based techniques that can help improve the signs of aging but without the morbidity of a surgical procedure. Thread lifting with polydioxanone (PDO) sutures is a cosmetic procedure where lax tissue is lifted and repositioned trying to create a more youthful looking facial contour. The threads are absorbable and come in different shapes and lengths. The rate of complications and the downtime of the procedure are low, which are something patients are looking for. Ideally, these procedures should be performed by trained specialists who have complete knowledge of the facial anatomy, thus enhancing and improving results. Thread lifting with PDO absorbable threads has become an excellent option for minimally invasive facial rejuvenation procedures with a high satisfaction among patients and very few complications. It is a new tool that can be introduced in the armamentarium of specialists who work in the field of facial plastic surgery and who can offer this option to their patients with improved outcomes.