Mullinseliasen8810

Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper halide perovskites with a large exciton binding energy, self-assembled quantum wells, and high quantum yield draw attention for optoelectronic device applications. Thin films of these quasi-2D perovskites consist of a mixture of domains having different dimensionality, allowing energy funneling from lower-dimensional nanosheets (high-bandgap domains) to 3D nanocrystals (low-bandgap domains). High-quality quasi-2D perovskite (PEA)2 (FA)3 Pb4 Br13 films are fabricated by solution engineering. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements are conducted to study the crystal orientation, and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are conducted to study the charge-carrier dynamics. These data show that highly oriented 2D crystal films have a faster energy transfer from the high-bandgap domains to the low-bandgap domains ( less then 0.5 ps) compared to the randomly oriented films. High-performance light-emitting diodes can be realized with these highly oriented 2D films. Finally, amplified spontaneous emission with a low threshold 4.16 µJ cm-2 is achieved and distributed feedback lasers are also demonstrated. These results show that it is important to control the morphology of the quasi-2D films to achieve efficient energy transfer, which is a critical requirement for light-emitting devices. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring has a strong prognostic value in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is currently utilized in all major pediatric ALL protocols. MRD monitoring is done by multiparameter flow cytometry, IG/TCR quantitative PCR or reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR of leukemic fusion transcripts providing a reliable measurement of treatment response. However, occasionally bone marrow (BM) aspirates may not yield representative material or be misinterpreted due to treatment-induced changes in MRD marker profile, undetected subclones at diagnosis, contamination with peripheral blood or cell adhesion and stroma cell interactions posing a risk for underestimating MRD levels and misclassifying resistant disease that may be detected by traditional BM morphology methods, immunohistochemistry, karyotyping and FISH. We present four cases with high MRD levels where MRD monitoring failed to provide the correct stratification information. Through these cases we discuss the continued need to consider all available information including BM smears, touch imprints and trephine biopsy preparations not only at diagnosis but throughout remission monitoring in pediatric ALL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Chiral hemiaminals (5-8RR and 5-8SS) have been synthesized from the corresponding 2-iminothiazolidine-4-ones (1-4RR and 1-4SS) by LiAlH4 reductions stereoselectively and were then converted to single enantiomer thiazol-2-imines (9-12RR and 9-12SS) by a water elimination reaction. The kinetics of the dehydration reactions which occurred spontaneously both in the solid state and in the solution have been followed by time dependent 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corresponding first order rate constants and free energies of activation values for the conversions have been reported. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.RATIONALE TUG-891 is a potent and selective agonist of the long chain free fatty acid receptor 4. However, its metabolic profiles have not been disclosed. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro metabolism of TUG-891 in hepatocyte. METHODS TUG-891 at a concentration of 20 μM was incubated with rat, dog and human hepatocytes at 37 o C for 120 min. The samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of the metabolites were proposed according to their MS/MS product ions. Furthermore, M4 and M5 were biosynthesized by using human liver microsomes and their structures were characterized by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS Under the current conditions, a total of eight metabolites were detected and structurally identified by high resolution LC/MS and MS/MS spectra. The metabolites M4 and M5 were unambiguously confirmed by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy to be TUG-891 alcohol and TUG-891 acid, respectively. Our results revealed that hydroxylation of methyl group at C-21 position to form TUG-891 alcohol (M5) followed by oxidation to yield TUG-891 aldehyde (M7) and carboxylic acid (M4) were the major metabolism processes. Phase II metabolism processes included glucuronidation and sulphation. CONCLUSION Hydroxylation at the C-21 position was the primary metabolic site of TUG-891. This study provided an overview of the metabolic profiles of TUG-891 in hepatocytes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases cannot adequately be explained by traditional risk factors. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that gut microbiota-derived numerous metabolites are contributors to atherosclerotic events. Among them, the role of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in promoting atherosclerosis has gained attention. TMAO is reported to exert the proatherogenic effects by impacting on the traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis and is associated with high risk of cardiovascular events. Besides that, TMAO is involved in the complex pathological processes of atherosclerotic lesion formation, such as endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and thrombus generation. In light of these promising findings, TMAO may serve as a potential target for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment, which is conceptually novel, when compared with existing traditional treatments. selleck compound It is likely that regulating TMAO production and associated gut microbiota may become a promising strategy for the anti-atherosclerosis therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Space-use and foraging strategies are important facets to consider in regard to the ecology and conservation of primates. For this study, we documented movement, ranging, and foraging patterns of northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) for 14 months in a degraded habitat with old growth Acacia and Eucalyptus plantations at the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Thailand. We used hidden Markov models and characteristic hull polygons to analyze these patterns in regard to fruit availability. Macaques' home range (HR) was 599 ha and spanned through a natural dry-evergreen forest (DEF), and plantation forest. Our results showed that active foraging increased with higher fruit availability in DEF. Macaques changed to a less continuous behavioral state during periods of lower fruit availability in DEF, repeatedly moving from foraging to transiting behavior, while extending their HR further into plantation forest and surrounding edge areas. Concomitantly, macaques shifted their diet from fleshy to dry fruit such as the introduced Acacia species.