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When nat is constitutively expressed by full-length or truncated versions of the promoter from the N. crassa cfp gene (NCU02193), or by the trpC promoter of Aspergillus nidulans, the growth of N. crassa in the presence of nourseothricin is proportional to the expression levels of Nat. Finally, these two markers are used to knock-out wc-2 or al-1 gene from the N. crassa genome. The successful development of these two markers in this study expands the toolbox for N. crassa and very likely for other filamentous fungi as well.The effect of statin therapy on reducing adverse cardiovascular events in vasospastic angina (VSA) has been inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the association between statin therapy and adverse cardiovascular events in a large, prospective VSA cohort. The Variant Angina Korea registry consecutively enrolled 2960 patients suspected VSA. Among them, we included 1713 patients who were diagnosed with VSA based on coronary provocation test. We divided the patients into the statin (n = 744) and no-statin group (n = 914) according to the medication prescribed at discharge. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, and new-onset life-threatening arrhythmia during a 3-year follow-up period. The primary outcome occurred in 32 patients (4.3%) in the statin and 28 patients (3.1%) in the no-statin group. In Kaplan-Meier analysis before and after propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of primary outcomes between both groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the focal type of VSA was independent predictor of primary outcomes, but statin therapy was not. Furthermore, the lack of benefit of statin therapy for primary outcomes was consistently observed across the statin intensity and spasm characteristics. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that statin therapy did not reduce adverse cardiovascular events in patients with VSA.Reduced exercise capacity is known to be an important predictor of poor prognosis and disability in patients with cardiovascular diseases and chronic heart failure, and even members of the general population. However, data about exercise capacity assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is scarce. Among 594 consecutive AMI patients who underwent primary PCI, we examined 136 patients (85.3% men, 64.9 ± 11.9 years) who underwent CPX during hospitalization for AMI. CPX was usually performed 5 days after the onset of AMI. Reduced exercise capacity was defined as peak VO2 ≤ 12. Clinical outcomes including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to heart failure were followed. Among 136 patients, reduced exercise capacity (peak VO2 ≤ 12) was seen in 38 patients (28%). Patients with reduced exercise capacity were older, more likely to have hypertension, and had lower renal function. In echocardiography, patients with reduced exercise capacity had higher E/e' and larger left atrial dimension. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that E/e' (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.31, p  12 (p  less then  0.001). Reduced exercise capacity following primary PCI in AMI patients is associated with diastolic dysfunction and may lead to poorer clinical outcomes.BACKGROUND An increase in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD), but little is known about differences in its distribution. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 50 patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF), 50 patients with CAD, and 50 control patients. Using multidetector computed tomography, EAT volumes surrounding the whole heart (total EAT), the atrium (atrial-EAT), and the ventricle (ventricular-EAT) were measured. EAT atrial/ventricular (A/V) ratio was calculated by dividing atrial- by ventricular-EAT volume. The total EAT volume indexes in the PAF and CAD groups were significantly larger than those in the control group. The atrial-EAT volume index in the PAF group was significantly larger than that in the CAD and control groups, whereas the ventricular-EAT volume index in the CAD group was significantly larger than that in the PAF and control groups. Thus, EAT A/V ratio was smaller in the CAD and control group than that in the PAF group (0.28 ± 0.12 vs. 0.38 ± 0.13 vs. 0.54 ± 0.33, P  less then  .001). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis showed EAT A/V ratio to be independently associated with cardiovascular disease type (PAF vs. CAD; P  less then  .001, β = .463). CONCLUSIONS Atrial- and ventricular-dominant distribution of EAT was observed in the PAF and CAD groups, respectively. Uneven distribution of EAT may imply the direct contribution of EAT-related inflammation to the pathogenesis of AF or CAD.In view of the growing population, which is increasingly aging in diversity, questions of social justice and of avoiding discrimination in end of life nursing care become increasingly more relevant from an ethical point of view. check details This article addresses the discrepancies between normative claims of an equitable approach to provision of nursing services and the sources of structural barriers. In particular at the end of life, often already vulnerable groups are subjected to discrimination in nursing care. Further reflections refer to implications of intersectionality for care-ethical approaches and for the methodology of discourse analysis. This study investigated how diversity and justice are formed in the care policy discourse. It becomes evident how parts of the care policy discourse largely ignore individual ethical implications. Accordingly, critical reflections on inequalities in nursing care remain unconsidered in the discourses. Starting points for processes of change that begin from concepts of individual care ethics are presented.The objective of this study was to assess the use of infrared thermography as a microclimate-evaluating tool and an estimate of the thermal comfort provided by four types of tree to cattle under grazing conditions in the central region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Beef Cattle Company, in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, from June to August 2015. Evaluations were carried out over four consecutive days, at 1-hour intervals, from 800 a.m. to 400 p.m. (local time; GMT - 400). Infrared thermography images of tree crowns and soil surface underneath them from the shadow projection of four tree species native to the Brazilian cerrado (savannah-like) biome were obtained. The microclimate was assessed by estimation of thermal indices temperature and humidity index, black globe, and radiation thermal load. The previous was calculated based on records of air temperature, dew point temperature, black globe temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The geometrical settings of the trees were assessed for each tree component.