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Nanostructured nickel (Ni) and nickel oxide (NiO) electrodes were fabricated on Ni foils using the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry showed the electrodes enable non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of glucose in strongly alkaline media. Under optimized conditions of NaOH concentration and working potential (~ 0.50 V vs. Ag/AgCl), the GLAD electrodes performed far better than bare Ni foil electrodes, with the GLAD NiO electrode showing an outstanding sensitivity (4400 μA mM-1 cm-2), superior detection limit (7 nM), and wide dynamic range (0.5 μM-9 mM), with desirable selectivity and reproducibility. Based on their performance at a low concentration, the GLAD NiO electrodes were also used to quantify glucose in artificial urine and sweat samples which have significantly lower glucose levels than blood. The GLAD NiO electrodes showed negligible response to the common interferents in glucose measurement (uric acid, dopamine, serotonin, and ascorbic acid), and they were not poisoned by high amounts of sodium chloride. Graphical abstract The figures depict (A) SEM image of vertical post-GLAD NiO electrodes used for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose monitoring, and (B) calibration plots of the three different electrodes.In the present investigation, we have studied the effects of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow considering the Phan-Thien-Tanner fluid model. The fluid is flowing in a uniform circular tube in the form of wave motion. The inner walls of the tube are considered to be ciliated with small hair-like structures. Exact solutions have been derived for velocity, temperature and pressure gradient. Mechanical properties of the fluid, such as velocity, temperature, pressure rise and pressure gradient, have been discussed graphically. Trapping phenomena due to the variation of physical parameters have been deliberated. It has been observed that when the viscous forces are greater than the elastic forces, the velocity of the fluid flow significantly decreases, thermal conductivity of the fluid improves and the pressure gradient along the tube increases.The efficacy of photocatalysis strongly depends on the activity of the catalysts and the operational factors, especially factors associated with mass transfer and the possibility of catalyst deactivation. The use of ultrasound has great potential to enhance catalyst activity, during both the synthesis and actual oxidation processes due to the cavitational effects of turbulence and liquid streaming. This article presents an overview of the application aspects of ultrasound, both in the synthesis of the photocatalyst and applications for wastewater treatment. A review of the literature revealed that the use of ultrasound in the synthesis processes can result in a catalyst with a lower mean size and higher surface area as well as uniform size distribution. The application of ultrasound in the actual photocatalytic oxidation facilitates enhancement of the oxidation capacity, leading to higher degradation rates, sometimes synergistic results and definitely lower treatment times. This article also presents guidelines for the selection of the best operating conditions for the use of ultrasound in photocatalytic systems and includes a discussion on the possible reactor configurations suitable for large-scale operations. Overall, a combination of ultrasound with photocatalytic oxidation or the optimized application of ultrasound in catalyst synthesis can yield significant benefits.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sex differences in PTSD are well-established with a 21 sex ratio favouring women. Less well-established is the basis of such differences. The purpose of this review is to explore recent research examining potential gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 19 studies published since 2015. Masculinity is inconclusively associated with PTSD, but masculine ideals and masculine gender role stress are positively associated with PTSD. Among the sex-related factors, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, and ALLO/5α-progesterone ratio are believed to be involved in the development of PTSD. These factors likely affect PTSD risk directly and through epigenetic mechanisms. Findings suggest that gender and sex have multiple ways of affecting PTSD, including gender roles, genetic predisposition, and hormonal influences. These factors work together to put women at a particular risk of developing PTSD. By conducting more research, we may improve prediction, prevention, and treatment of PTSD.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eye tracking is a powerful method to investigate the relationship between behavior and neural mechanisms. selleck chemicals llc In recent years, eye movement analysis has been used in patients with neurological disorders to assess cognitive function. In this review, we explore the latest eye tracking researches in neurological disorders that are commonly associated with cognitive deficits, specifically, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and epilepsy. We focus on the application of ocular measures in these disorders, with the goal of understanding how eye tracking technology can be used in the clinical setting. FINDINGS Eye tracking tasks (especially saccadic tasks) are often used as an adjunct to traditional scales for cognitive assessment. Eye tracking data confirmed that executive dysfunction is common in PD and ALS, whereas AD and MS are characterized by attention deficits. Research in evaluating cognitive function in epilepsy using eye tracking is still in its early stages, but this approach has shown advantages as a sensitive quantitative method with high temporal and spatial resolution. Eye tracking technology can facilitate the assessment of cognitive impairment with higher temporal resolution and finer granularity than traditional cognitive assessment. Oculomotor data collected during cognitive tasks can provide insight into biological processes. Eye tracking provides a nonverbal and less cognitively demanding method of measuring disease progression in cognitively impaired patients.