Mohamadcalderon2064

Dicarboximide fungicides mainly including procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin, and dimethachlon are often applied as protective fungicides, 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) is their common metabolite in plant and environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of procymidone, iprodione and their metabolite of 3,5-DCA toward zebrafish was evaluated by semi-static method. The enrichment and metabolism of procymidone and iprodione in zebrafish were also clarified. The results indicated that procymidone and iprodione exhibited moderately toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 2.00 mg/L, 5.70 mg/L at 96 h. Both procymidone and iprodione could be metabolized to 3,5-DCA in zebrafish, which showed higher toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 1.64 mg/L at 96 h. From the perspective of histomorphology, for all treatment groups, the brain of the zebrafish was significantly damaged, while the damage to gut and gills was lighter. For procymidone, the biological concentration factor (BCF8d) were 236 and 246 at the exposure concentration of 0.2 mg/L and 0.04 mg/L, and the BCF8d were 3.2 and 2.4 for iprodione at the exposure concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. Therefore, the procymidone and iprodione were moderate-enriched and low-enriched in zebrafish, respectively.The solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) is increasingly affecting the aquatic ecosystems due to the long-term antropic damage to the stratospheric ozone. The distrupted interspecies competition is one of the primary causes driving the plankton community composition shifts under UVB stress. To reveal the competitive responses to enhanced UVB radiation, we grew two green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the unicellular cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in monocultures and in cocultures under differerent UVB intensities (0, 0.3 and 0.7 W m-2), respectively. Results showed that elevated UVB radiation consistently decreased the population carrying capacies and the photosynthesis of the three species in monocultures. While cocultivated, C. pyrenoidosa was competively excluded by the presence of S. obliquus, and the competitive outcome was not affected by UVB exposure. By contrast, unicellular M. aeruginosa overwhelmingly suppressed the population growth of S. obliquus under no UVB, yet S. obliquus tended to be a better competitor under 0.3-0.7 W m-2 UVB exposure. The species-specific photosynthesis sensitivity to UVB can partly explain the different tolerance of the algae to UVB and the change of competition outcome under elevated UVB. The present study elucidated the potential role of increased UVB radiation in determining the competitions between phytoplankton species, contributing to the understanding of phytoplankton community shifts under enhanced UVB stress.A suitable draw solute (DS) concentration in bioelectrochemically assisted osmotic membrane bioreactor (BEA-OMBR) can convert the "negative effect" of salinity accumulation into a "beneficial effect" by using the reverse-fluxed DS as a buffer agent or a carbon source supplement. Herein, the effect of DS concentration from acid buffer solution (i.e., ammonium chloride, NH4Cl), alkaline buffer solution (i.e., sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3), and organic solution (i.e., sodium acetate, NaOAc) on salinity accumulation was systematically investigated. Salinity accumulation with NaHCO3 DS mainly derived from reversal fluxed sodium ion (Na+, major contributor with DS concentration ≤0.25 M) and bicarbonate ion (main contributor with DS concentration ≥0.50 M) Na+ accumulation could be mitigated by Na+ transport dominant by electrically driven migration (i.e., 21.3-62.1% of reverse-fluxed Na+), and bicarbonate accumulation could be reduced by buffer system. A medium-low concentration of 0.25 M NH4Cl DS had a better performance on current density of 165.0 ± 23.0 A m-3 and COD removal efficiency of 91.5 ± 3.4% by taking advantage that 77.7 ± 1.3% of reverse-fluxed ammonium could be removed by biological treatment and ammonium transport. A high NaOAc DS concentration (i.e., ≥0.05 M) exhibited a higher current density of 145.3-146.0 A m-3 but a lower COD removal efficiency due to the limited carbon source utilization capacity of anaerobic bacteria. FSEN1 nmr Both concentration diffusion (20.9-28.3%) and electrically driven migration (29.5-39.4%) promoted reverse-fluxed Na+ transport to catholyte and thus mitigated Na+ accumulation in the feed/anolyte. These findings have provided an optimal DS concentration for BEA-OMBR operation and thus encourage its further development.In previous articles, it was found that epoxiconazole enantiomers can persist for a long time in the environment, causing severe environmental damage. Herein, we investigated alterations in the soil microbial community and rat gut microbiota after six weeks of treatment with rac-epoxiconazole or one of its enantiomers. The selected concentrations were 1, 2, and 6 times greater than the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The rat gut microbiota relative abundance in the feces significantly changed following exposure to rac-epoxiconazole or one of its enantiomers. At the phylum level, in the R,S-, S,R-epoxiconazole, and rac-treated groups, Firmicutes presented the greatest decrease in abundance; however, Spirochaetes presented the greatest increase in abundance in the rac- and S,R-epoxiconazole-treated groups. In response to R,S-epoxiconazole, Epsilonbacteraeota presented the greatest increase in abundance. In soil samples treated with epoxiconazole, the relative abundance of the soil bacterial community also changed. Proteobacteria presented the greatest decrease in abundance in the S,R- and rac-treated samples. However, Firmicutes presented the greatest increase in abundance. In the R,S-treated soil samples, the situation was the opposite. In general, prolonged exposure to epoxiconazole at high concentrations could initiate noticeable alterations in rat gut microbiota and soil microbial diversity. R,S-epoxiconazole had improved bioactivity and less toxic effects at relatively low concentrations. Therefore, we recommend using R,S-epoxiconazole at a relatively low concentration, which is better for environmental safety.