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ntions in the lower neck and axilla. The variability was observed especially in the roots forming trunks, while divisions forming cords showed quite stable appearance. The results of this evidence-based review and meta-analysis can be applied in many different medical disciplines.

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the brachial plexus is important for examinations and interventions in the lower neck and axilla. The variability was observed especially in the roots forming trunks, while divisions forming cords showed quite stable appearance. The results of this evidence-based review and meta-analysis can be applied in many different medical disciplines.

The burden of age-associated fragility fracture of the pelvis has gradually amplified over the years. Commonly used clinical tools cannot fully explain age-associated fracture risk increase, and microstructural analysis could be required to elucidate pubic bone strength decline in elderly.

The study sample encompassed 46 pubic bones obtained from cadaveric donors divided into a young women (<45years, n=11), aged women (>60years, n=11), young men (<45years, n=12) and aged men group (>60years, n=12). Micro-computed tomography was used to evaluate the cortical and trabecular microstructure of pubic bone samples.

Apart from age-associated loss in quantitative trabecular parameters, significant alteration of micro-CT parameters that more closely reflect internal trabecular microarchitectural complexity may contribute to pubic bone strength decline in men and women of advanced age (p<0.05). Additionally, decreased cortical thickness and increased Ct.Po, Po.Dm and Po.N were found in the anteriorld be advised in the elderly, with a particular accent on aged women.

Hemodialysis facilities are high-risk environments for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Eliminating HCV from all dialysis facilities in a community may be achieved more effectively under a collaborative care model.

Quality improvement study of multidisciplinary collaborative care teams including nephrologists, gastroenterologists and public health practitioners.

All dialysis patients in the Changhua county of Taiwan were treated using an inter-disciplinary collaborative care model implemented within a broader Changhua-Integrated Program to Stop HCV Infection (CHIPS-C).

Provision of an HCV care cascade to fill three gaps including screening and testing, diagnosis, and universal direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment implemented by collaborating teams of dialysis practitioners and gastroenterologists working under auspices of Changhua Public Health Bureau.

Outcome measures included quality indicators pertaining to six steps in HCV care ranging from HCV screening to complete treatment and cure from treatment agnosis and treatment for HCV in dialysis facilities to levels near those established by the World Health Organization.

The EvoCit study was designed to evaluate performance of a heparin-grafted dialyzer during hemodialysis with and without systemic anticoagulation.

Randomized, crossover, noninferiority trial. Noninferiority was defined as a difference of≤10% for the primary outcome.

Single hemodialysis center; 26 prevalent patients treated with 617 hemodialysis sessions.

Hemodialysis using a heparin-grafted dialyzer combined with a 1.0mmol/L citrate-enriched dialysate ("EvoCit") without systemic anticoagulation compared with hemodialysis performed with a heparin-grafted dialyzer with systemic heparin ("EvoHep"). Patients were randomly allocated to a first period of 4 weeks and crossed over to the alternative strategy for a second period of 4 weeks.

The primary end point was the difference in Kt/V

between EvoCit and EvoHep. Secondary end points were urea reduction ratio, middle molecule removal, treatment time, thrombin generation, and reduction in dialyzer blood compartment volume.

The estimated difference in Kt to solute clearance but results in a greater number of shortened treatments, more membrane clotting, and greater thrombin generation TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT03887468.Pain is a common but often undertreated symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a much higher prevalence than in the general population. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize all available quantitative evidence, in order to gain a better understanding of pain prevalence and pain types in patients with CKD. Four databases and the grey literature were searched until 15th January 2021. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted with multiple subgroup analyses and meta-regressions to further explore the between-study heterogeneity. The quality of studies included was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the level of evidence was determined using the GRADE approach. One hundred sixteen studies reported data on 40,678 individuals. Results from meta-analyses yielded an overall prevalence of 60% (95% confidence interval 56-64) for pain, 48% (42-55) for chronic pain and 10% (6-15) for neuropathic pain. The prevalence of pain was lower among kidney transplant recipients 46% (37-56) compared with patients undergoing dialysis 63% (57-68) and those with non-dialysis CKD 63% (55-70). Musculoskeletal pain appeared to be the most common pain symptom among patients with CKD managed conservatively 42% (28-56) or receiving dialysis 45% (36-55) whilst abdominal pain was most prevalent in kidney transplant recipients 41% (7-86). Selleck (E/Z)-BCI Thus, all subgroups of patients with CKD suffer from a high burden of pain. Hence, greater awareness and recognition of this issue is vital to inform policy and service provision in this area.The thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride-cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney distal convoluted tubule (DCT) plays an essential role in sodium and potassium homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that NCC activity is increased by the β2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol, a drug prevalently used to treat asthma. Relative to β1-adrenergic receptors, the β2-adrenergic receptors were greatly enriched in mouse DCT cells. In mice, administration of salbutamol increased NCC phosphorylation (indicating increased activity) within 30 minutes but also caused hypokalemia, which also increases NCC phosphorylation. In ex vivo kidney slices and isolated tubules, salbutamol increased NCC phosphorylation in the pharmacologically relevant range of 0.01-10 μM, an effect observed after 15 minutes and maintained at 60 minutes. Inhibition of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 4.1 or the downstream with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) and STE20/SPS1-related proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) pathway greatly attenuated, but did not prevent, salbutamol-induced NCC phosphorylation.