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BACKGROUND The effectiveness of trunk restraint on post-stroke arm motor function and daily function remain controversial. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of adding trunk restraint to task-oriented rehabilitation of arm motor function and functional ability after stroke. METHODS Nine databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials studying the effects of trunk restraint in post-stroke task-oriented training. Researchers assessed methodological qualities using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, and extracted data related to study participants, intervention, and outcomes. The overall effectiveness was calculated using a meta-analytic method. buy Opaganib RESULTS In total, ten articles met the inclusion criteria and nine trails (n = 255 subjects) were included in quantitative analyses. Meta-analysis revealed that trunk restraint exhibited a significant improvement on the Motor Activity Log-amount of use, 0.39 (95% CI 0.25- 0.54), the Motor Activity Log-quality of movement, 0.45 (95% CI 0.27- 0.63), the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (upper extremity), 1.09 (95% CI 0.67- 1.51), Action Research Arm test, 4.51 (95% CI 2.49- 6.54) and performance of Activities of daily living, 1.70 (95% CI 0.19- 3.21) in trunk restraint group in patients at subacute stage, compared to the non-trunk restraint group, but no significant difference was found in patients with chronic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Adding trunk restraint to task-oriented training may improve function in patients with subacute stroke.BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one of the effective treatments for neuropathic pain. Little is known about the effects of multi-session theta burst stimulation, one of the new paradigms of rTMS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of multi-session intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on central neuropathic pain, using evaluation tools specific to neuropathic pain. METHODS Patients with central neuropathic pain diagnosed using Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group guidelines were recruited. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to either a real or sham iTBS group. Each patient underwent 5 sessions of iTBS; before and after completion of the 5 sessions, participants were evaluated using the self-completed Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (S-LANSS), the numeric rating scale (NRS), the neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI), and the neuropathic pain scale (NPS). RESULTS S-LANSS, NRS, NPSI, and 3 of 4 NPS combination scores decreased significantly in the real iTBS group but not in the sham iTBS group. No adverse effects were reported during or after iTBS sessions. CONCLUSIONS Multi-session iTBS was associated with a significant decrease in neuropathic pain, indicating its effectiveness as a treatment for patients with central neuropathic pain.BACKGROUND Visuospatial neglect (VSN) may be caused by an inter-hemispheric imbalance of neural activity after brain injury. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) allows rebalancing restoration to a certain degree, relieving neglect symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the therapeutic effect of 1 Hz rTMS applied over the left angular gyrus combined with visual scanning training in patients with left VSN in the subacute stroke phase. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with VSN were randomly assigned to either experimental (fifteen sessions of rTMS consisted of 1800 magnetic pulses delivered to the left angular gyrus with a neuronavigation control), or control group (fifteen sessions of sham stimulation), followed by visual scanning training. VSN severity was assessed both before and after treatment with a 3-month follow up employing the Behavioural Inattention Test and functional measures. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were detected in outcome measures between the rTMS and sham groups after completion of 3-week therapy and at 3-month follow up. The magnitude of stimulation effects was not associated either with lesion volume, its location, or baseline motor threshold. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not confirm efficacy of 1 Hz rTMS over the angular gyrus as an adjuvant method to visual scanning training in patients with VSN in the subacute stroke.OBJECTIVE To assess the claim that Parkinson's disease (PD) specifically reduces religiosity religious faith and spirituality. METHODS A longitudinal case-control study over 12 months of spirituality in 42 patients with idiopathic PD and 39 disease controls matched for age, gender, educational attainment and disability. There was no selection on grounds of religious affiliation. Participants were assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory, Medical Outcomes Score (MOS), cognitive tests including Paired Associate Learning [PAL], One Touch Stocking [OTS]) and Stroop test. Tests of spirituality were the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness and Spirituality questionnaire (BMMRS), a Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ), and the Rivermead Life Goals Score, supplemented by qualitative interview methods. RESULTS Over one year, as expected, mobility and cognition declined in the PD group. However, there was no significant change in scores of religiosity and spirituality scores in this group. Likewise, there were no subjective reports of a decrease of interest in religious faith or spirituality, although anecdotal accounts of decreasing mobility, loss of driving ability, increasing emotional lability and tiredness meant reduced participation in some religious and spiritual practices. However, over one year there was a significant fall in controls' religiosity score due mainly to a fall in 'religious practices' with no clear underlying reason. CONCLUSIONS Compared to non-neurological patients with similar disability, Parkinson's disease is not associated with a decline in religious faith or spirituality. Declining mobility and cognition in Parkinson's disease does not lead to diminished religiosity.BACKGROUND Stroke is the leading cause of disability in Australia and the third-leading cause of disability worldwide and a significant burden on caregivers. OBJECTIVE To map the extent, range and nature of the literature investigating spirituality and resilience among family caregivers of survivors of stroke. METHOD A scoping review. RESULTS Six studies were identified, conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, China and Turkey. These included two quantitative, one experimental and three qualitative designs. No studies linked spirituality to resilience. For the qualitative studies, spirituality was the primary focus of one, and the secondary focus of two others. Qualitative data reflected the lived experience of caregivers drawing upon spirituality to help cope with the burden of caregiving. For the two quantitative studies, spirituality was measured as a secondary focus and showed no significant links between spirituality or adjustment in caregivers. The one experimental study comprised a psycho-educational intervention focused on building resilience, finding a significant increase in social support not reflected in a matched control group.