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9%) in full-term births, and 42.2% (95% CI, 39.1%-45.3%) in preterm births. After adjustment, the prevalence of MSM was 42% higher in preterm births. Enarodustat Breastfeeding duration and pacifier use up to age 4 years modified the effect of gestational age on MSM. Conclusions Preterm birth is associated with the development of MSM. Breastfeeding reduces the effect of preterm birth on MSM, and pacifier use strengthens this association. Dentists should be aware that preterm birth may be a risk factor for malocclusion in primary dentition. The findings reinforce the benefits of breastfeeding on occlusal development and the negative consequences of pacifier use.Introduction The mechanical properties of Invisalign material have rarely been explored because of the inaccessibility of the patent-protected raw material. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the Invisalign thermoformed aligner material before and after clinical application, including mechanical properties, surface morphology, internal structure, and chemical composition changes. Methods Twenty sets of "as-received" (0-week) and retrieved (2-week; worn for 2 weeks, 20 ± 2 hours per day) Invisalign aligners were randomly collected from 4 different patients. Tensile tests, stress relaxation, and creep tests were carried out with a dynamic mechanical analyzer to characterize the changes in the mechanical properties of this material, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to capture the molecular changes on the surface of these aligners, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the changes in surface morphology and internal structure, aal were relatively stable under the oral environment. Conclusions The surface morphology showed some defects after the clinical use of 2 weeks; however, there was no significant difference in mechanical properties. Trace elements may release out during clinical use and may pose a specific danger to allergic patients.Introduction Currently, there is limited evidence on the effects of malocclusion on oral health and whether the correction of malocclusion results in an improvement in oral health. In this review, we examined the evidence from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies to provide information on any association between malocclusion and oral health and the effects of orthodontic treatment. Methods We conducted this review in 2 parts (1) we looked at the impact of malocclusion on oral health, and (2) we reviewed the evidence on the effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health. We searched for randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. The searches were completed for articles published between January 1, 1990 and October 8, 2018 and covered Medline via Ovid, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. References of included articles and previous systematic reviews were hand-searched. No language restrictions were applied. Two members of the study team assessed the of the study, we identified 87 studies. The overall quality was low. We could not include any of the data into an analysis because of a large variation in the nature of the studies, data collected, and outcome measures that were selected. For part 2 of the study, we found 7 studies; however, there were similar deficiencies in the data as in part 1, and thus, we could not reach any strong conclusions. Conclusions Overall, there is an absence of published evidence regarding the effects of malocclusion on oral health and the impact of orthodontic treatment on oral health.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection common among both men and women (1). HPV vaccination, which requires multiple doses, was first recommended for girls in 2006 and for boys in 2011 (2,3). Vaccination is routinely recommended at 11-12 years and can be started at age 9 (4). For those not vaccinated at 11-12 years, vaccination is recommended for all persons through age 26 years (4). Two HPV vaccine doses, given 6 to 12 months apart, are recommended if the series is started before age 15. Three doses, to be completed within 6 months, are recommended for those who started vaccination at age 15 or over (4,5). This report describes trends in selfreported HPV vaccination initiation and completion by selected demographic characteristics among adults aged 18-26.This report presents final 2018 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, 10 leading causes of death, age-specific death rates, and 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2018 and 2017 final data.In 2018, an estimated 8.1 million U.S. adults were current electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users (1). E-cigarette use is a public health concern (2), and it has been linked to a recent outbreak of lung injury and deaths among adults (3). Although the potential long-term health risks of e-cigarettes are not yet as well-known as they are with cigarettes, e-cigarettes usually contain nicotine, and nicotine is highly addictive (2). Moreover, the most common tobacco product combination among adults is e-cigarettes and cigarettes (4). This report examines e-cigarette use among U.S. adults aged 18 and over by selected sociodemographic characteristics and in relation to cigarette smoking status.Previously published data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) found that in 2017 one in seven persons under age 65 was in a family having problems paying medical bills (1). Significant expenses for one family member may adversely affect the whole family (2). People who are in families with problems paying medical bills may experience serious financial consequences, such as having problems with paying for food, clothing, or housing, and filing for bankruptcy (3). Health insurance coverage status (i.e., uninsured, public coverage, or private coverage) may also impact the ability to afford health care costs (4). This report examines characteristics of persons who live in families that have problems paying medical bills.