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85, 95%Cl 3.10-37.96) and (OR=12.08, 95%Cl 3.64-40.09) when non-significant and significant predictor variables were accounted for, respectively. Conclusion Age, WHR, FPG, and SBP were significantly associated with differences in glycemic control. The elderly and FPG outside tight control showed significantly increased odds of poor glycemic control status. © 2019 Anioke et al.Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global problem. Association of multiple genes in T2DM becomes a hot point recently. This study was aimed to evaluate association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to T2DM. Subjects and methods One hundred T2DM Saudi male patients were included in this study and one hundred healthy Saudi men were used as control. For each individual, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, HbA1c, insulin and 25-(OH) vitamin D were measured. In addition, Apal, BsmI and TaqI genotypes were performed for each subject. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16, using Spearman's rho and ANOVA tests. Results There was significant inverse correlation between 25-(OH) vitamin D level and T2DM (p less then 0.01). HbA1c was inversely correlated with 25-(OH) vitamin D level (P less then 0.05). Genotype study showed that tt of TaqI genotype was higher in T2DM group compared with control group (p less then 0.05). Moreover, tt genotype has higher HbA1c than both TT and Tt genotypes (p less then 0.05). Conclusion An association was confirmed between TaqI genotypes and T2DM but there is no correlation between BsmI, ApaI and T2DM. In addition, HbA1c is positively correlated with tt genotype of TaqI. © 2019 Al-Hazmi AS.Background Conventional ultrasonography is a method preferred for the investigation of chronic liver diseases in pediatric groups, as it is non-invasive, cheap, feasible and available. The purpose of this study is to present the role of Share-wave Elastography (SWE) in terms of diagnostic value in children diagnosed with "chronic liver disease." Methods We studied patients who had been diagnosed with chronic liver disease between March 2012-September 2015, and who had undergone liver biopsy and had their pathology results, compared with 26 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. "Pearson Correlation Analysis" was performed in order to measure the relationship between elastography values and Brunt level. Results This study had 107 subjects in total, consisting of 81 patients between 0-204 months of age Pearson correlation coefficient level was determined as r = 0.644. Since the correlation coefficient is positive, there is a same-directional relationship between Elastography level and Brunt degree. This means that while one of the variables is increasing, the other one will also increase. Conclusion Since it is known that development of hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process, and that many hepatic fibrosis etiologies are known to continue throughout the course of life, the application of Real time SWE method instead of repeated liver biopsies on patients is a much simpler and smart method. Increasing the clinical use of Real Time SWE method with future studies might provide an opportunity for preventing unnecessary liver biopsies since the patients are evaluated in a shorter time and in a cost-effective manner. © 2019 Sönmez et al.Background Micronutrient deficiency is recognized in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) but it is not known for certain whether changes in zinc, copper and copper-to-zinc ratio are associated with Sickle cell disease severity scores. Objective To compare serum levels of copper, zinc and copper-to-zinc ratio in SCA subjects with control group and correlate the variables with objective disease severity scores. Methods Serum copper and zinc were determined in 100 SCA patients and 50 controls using kits supplied by Centronic, Germany. Unpaired Students't-test was used to compare the variables between SCA patients in steady clinical state, vaso-occlusive crisis and controls, while Spearman correlation coefficient was used to associate the parameters with disease severity scores. Results Serum copper level was higher (P=0.008) in SCA patients than controls, while serum zinc level was lower (P less then 0.001) in SCA patients than controls. The copper/zinc ratio was higher (P less then 0.001) in SCA patients than controls. Significantly higher (P less then 0.001) copper and lower (P less then 0.001) zinc levels were observed in patients in vaso-occlusive crisis than in steady clinical state. Zinc correlated inversely (r=-0.2743; P=0.006) while copper-to-zinc ratio correlated positively with disease severity scores. Conclusion Copper-to-zinc ratio may be an indicator of disease severity in SCA patients. © 2019 Emokpae et al.Background Community health workers (CHWs) continue to play a crucial role in supporting health service delivery globally. Several CHW programmes around the world face vast challenges which affect their performance. selleck chemical Objectives This study assessed the performance of CHWs and associated factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that employed a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 201 CHWs in Wakiso district. The main study variable was CHW performance based on various roles carried out by CHWs. Multivariable logistic regression in STATA was used to establish the predictors of CHW performance. Results Only 40 (19.9%) of the CHWs had a high performance which was associated with having attended additional / refresher trainings [AOR=12.79 (95% CI 1.02-159.26)], and having attained secondary level education and above [AOR=3.93 (95% CI 1.17-13.24)]. CHWs who were married [AOR=0.29 (95% CI 0.09-0.94)] were less likely to perform highly. Among CHWs who had received essential medicines for treatment of childhood illnesses, the majority 90.3% (112/124) had experienced stock-outs in the 6 months preceding the study. Despite the majority of CHWs, 198 (98.5%), stating that being motivated was very important in their work, only 91 (45%) said that they were motivated. Conclusion Additional / refresher trainings are necessary to enhance performance of CHWs. In addition, level of education should be considered while selecting CHWs. The health system challenges of low motivation of CHWs as well as stock-out of medicines need to be addressed to support their work. © 2019 Musoke et al.