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The objective of this article was to report two clinical cases, showing the benefits of interceptive treatment using rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and the preservation of E-space.

It is important to follow-up child throughout its development to detect irregularities in their occlusion and to avoid or attenuate orthodontic treatments in the future. Posterior crossbite and transverse maxillary deficiency can easily be corrected by RPE that enhances the width of the maxilla and promotes a gain of space in the arch. Another way to gain space in the arch is by using the E-space, which is the difference between the mesiodistal distance of the second primary molar in relation to the second premolar. This additional space can be used to resolve negative, mild, or moderate crowding.

Two clinical cases that presented malocclusions due to lack of space and maxillary deficiency, along with clinical technic of how the RPE and E-space can be used to bring those patients back to normality.

We concluded that with a right diagnosis, correct interceptive timing, and using what growth provides, the development can be reestablished.

The clinical importance of this report is that RPE and E-space are efficient interceptive orthodontic treatments to correct skeletal posterior crossbite (SPC) and gain space in dental arches.

Lopes BKB, Scheicher GV, Matsumoto MAN,

Rapid Palatal Expansion and Utilization of E-space in Mixed Dentition Mechanics that Helps in the Corrective Orthodontic Treatment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)133-139.

Lopes BKB, Scheicher GV, Matsumoto MAN, et al. Rapid Palatal Expansion and Utilization of E-space in Mixed Dentition Mechanics that Helps in the Corrective Orthodontic Treatment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)133-139.

The aim and objective of the study were to determine the amount of marginal discrepancy produced by cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) copings fabricated using two different fabrication methods, i.e., traditional casting and direct metal laser-sintering (DMLS), and compare the values obtained between each fabrication technique and to evaluate if the fabrication technique can produce prosthesis that is within the standards of clinical acceptance of marginal discrepancy.

Twenty metal copings each were fabricated by laser sintering and traditional casting method. The marginal gap at the buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal areas was measured using the silicone replica technique. The stereomicroscope and optical microscope were used to measure the marginal discrepancy between the working die and the copings. Statistical analysis was done using a

-test using Open-epi calculator software.

The values indicate that the marginal gap was less for the copings fabricated using Co-Cr alloy crowns that were fabricated with direct metal laser-sintered technique than Co-Cr alloy crowns fabricated with conventional casting technique.

Gautam N, Khajuria RR, Ahmed R,

A Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Accuracy of Co-Cr Metal Copings Fabricated Using Traditional Casting Techniques and Metal Laser Sintering. JNJ-42226314 manufacturer Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)128-132.

Gautam N, Khajuria RR, Ahmed R, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Accuracy of Co-Cr Metal Copings Fabricated Using Traditional Casting Techniques and Metal Laser Sintering. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)128-132.

To compare the effect of probiotic products in reducing the levels of salivary

before and after their consumption.

Eighty school children with initial carious lesions in the age group of 8-12 years were selected and divided into four groups. Children in group I (control) were undergone with restorations without supplementation of probiotics. Children in group II (kefir milk), group III (probiotic curd), and group IV (probiotic drink) supplemented 100 mL of their respective probiotics for 1 month. Assessment of saliva sample was done at baseline, 1 hour after administration of probiotics followed by weekly intervals till 1 month.

The study showed a marked reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) at a 1-hour time interval in all four groups when compared to baseline. On the 30th-day, children in group II and group III have shown an equal reduction of CFUs when compared to group IV and group I.

Probiotic products like kefir milk and probiotic curd have shown an equal and marked decrease in CFUs when compared to the probiotic drink group.

The administration of probiotics along with dairy products can be used as an adjuvant to routine preventive treatment procedures in the prevention of dental caries along with the remineralization of the demineralized tooth structure.

Reddy S, Madhu V, Punithavathy R,

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Kefir Milk Probiotic Curd and Probiotic Drink on

in 8-12-year-old Children An

Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)120-127.

Reddy S, Madhu V, Punithavathy R, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Kefir Milk Probiotic Curd and Probiotic Drink on Streptococcus mutans in 8-12-year-old Children An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)120-127.

To compare the clinical efficiency in removal of caries by the two different methods of caries removal.To compare the treatment time between chemomechanical and rotary mechanical methods of caries removal.To compare the pain perception of the patient during the two different methods (chemomechanical and rotary mechanical) of dentin caries removal.

The Carisolv system for caries removal, consisting of a solvent gel and a specially designed hand instrument, as compared to the conventional method of caries removal, i.e., Airotor. Sixty patients in the age-group of 6-14 years, having Black's class I dentinal caries with the cavity in the molars, were enrolled for the study.

The time for caries removal with Carisolv and Airotor was, respectively, 7.17 ± 1.57 and 8.00 ± 1.56 minutes. Thus, the mean time taken was also significantly higher in group II as compared to group I (

= 4.805;

< 0.001).

Katiyar A, Gupta S, Gupta K,

Comparative Evaluation of Chemo-mechanical and Rotary-mechanical Methods in Removal of Caries with Respect to Time Consumption and Pain Perception in Pediatrc Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)115-119.

Katiyar A, Gupta S, Gupta K, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Chemo-mechanical and Rotary-mechanical Methods in Removal of Caries with Respect to Time Consumption and Pain Perception in Pediatrc Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)115-119.

Type 1 diabetic children exhibit poorer oral health than general population. However, no oral health preventive protocol exists for attending to the oral health needs of such children.

To evaluate the effect of an oral health preventive protocol on salivary parameters and gingival health of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus over a period of 6 months.

Fifty diabetic children, aged 6-12 years were selected and divided into two groups. Children in group I received a comprehensive oral health preventive protocol. The parameters recorded were oral hygiene practices, salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, viscosity, electrolytes, and plaque and gingival indices. These were compared at baseline, 3-, and 6-month intervals.

Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0). Tests were based on the type of data.

The intervention group (group I) showed favorable improvements in the parameters assessed. A greater number of participants adopted the correct oral hygiene methods. Unstim Parameters and Gingival Health of Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)109-114.

In dentistry, pain and anxiety have been the most challenging aspect in the management of a pediatric patient. When every effort to perform local anesthesia (LA) is not successful, the result would be more stressful for both the dentist and the patient. The so-called clichéd paradigm that "pain and dentistry are inseparable" can be resolved by updating the knowledge and skills of the practitioner by using the more advanced techniques in controlling and managing the pain. An array of techniques for administering the LA to improve the comfort level of our patients has been the area of interest.

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of various adjunctive aids of LA in reducing pain and anxiety in pediatric patients of the 6-8 years age-group. A total of 90 child dental patients were selected and randomly divided into six groups, i.e., control, topical gel, audio, audiovisual, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), and Vibraject group. Physiological parameters, psychological parameters, and pain assessment were recorded.

As reflected by the results, the minimum pulse rate "during" and "after" LA administration is seen in A/V (D) and TENS (E) "during" LA administration. Children were less anxious and more relaxed in the audiovisual group and TENS group. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation and Vibraject groups showed maximum reduction in pain.

A/V (D) and TENS (E) groups exhibited the least anxiety. Also, the minimum pain was felt using TENS (E) and Vibraject (F) and hence, may be considered as adjunctive aids in pain reduction during LA administration.

Midha V, Midha V, Dua R,

Auxiliary Aids to Alleviate Pain and Anxiety during Local Anesthesia Administration A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)104-108.

Midha V, Midha V, Dua R, et al. Auxiliary Aids to Alleviate Pain and Anxiety during Local Anesthesia Administration A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)104-108.

Two main factors have a great influence on the youth's oral well-being. These are their dental health and age. These two factors are significantly directed by parents through establishing a system of proper oral hygiene and a preventative routine for those young adults.

The following study was run in the Dammam region, Saudi Arabia, to assess guardian awareness of youngster's dental health.

This community-based study was designed in a cross-sectional pattern, where a sample size of 248 parents who fulfilled inclusion criteria was selected and a well-designed validated questionnaire was used for the collected database using SPSS (VER. 24).

The main found included that, about 51% of participants were fathers and 49% were mothers, 90% of them above the age of 26 years old and most of the participants had a secondary certificate or university degree, 38% and 45%, respectively, only 64% of parents have checked their children teeth, the average of overall knowledge of parents toward dental health was medium 7.97 points out of 16.0 points and there was a statistically significant relationship between parents type, educational level, and overall knowledge related to oral health.

From our study, it was acknowledged that the perception of children's oral health status by their parents in the Dammam region is relatively medium, so general awareness of parents' knowledge should be raised by conducting effective oral health programs and interventions.

Alshammari FS, Alshammari RA, Alshammari MH,

. Parental Awareness and Knowledge toward their Children's Oral Health in the City of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)100-103.

Alshammari FS, Alshammari RA, Alshammari MH, et al. Parental Awareness and Knowledge toward their Children's Oral Health in the City of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1)100-103.