Brownklausen1226
In all the above examples, changes in gene expression of different classes of homeobox genes have contributed to the altered growth patterns underlying these different aspects of leaf shape diversity.Walking - humans' most fundamental form of moderate intensity physical activity - is associated with reduced risks of morbidity and mortality. Evolutionary perspectives have contributed much to understanding the effects of walking and other physical activities on health; however, we know comparatively little about how step counts (steps taken per day) changed over the course of human evolution, potentially affecting how selection operated on physiological responses to moderate intensity physical activity that influence morbidity and mortality. Here, we compare step counts across humans and our closest living relatives, the great apes. Compiling data from epidemiology and comparative physiology, we show how step counts more than tripled during human evolution, potentially linking higher levels of moderate intensity physical activity with reduced morbidity and mortality, and we highlight how recent decreases in step counts are an evolutionary mismatch. We raise the hypothesis that the dose-response relationship between moderate intensity physical activity and health was shifted in humans to require more steps per day to promote extended healthspan and lifespan.Interview with Paul E. Turner of Yale University, who studies the evolutionary genetics of microbes.
Determine the dosimetric quality and the planning time reduction when utilizing a template-based automated planning application.
A software application integrated through the treatment planning system application programing interface, QuickPlan, was developed to facilitate automated planning using configurable templates for contouring, knowledge-based planning structure matching, field design, and algorithm settings. Validations are performed at various levels of the planning procedure and assist in the evaluation of readiness of the CT image, structure set, and plan layout for automated planning. QuickPlan is evaluated dosimetrically against 22 hippocampal-avoidance whole brain radiotherapy patients. The required times to treatment plan generation are compared for the validations set as well as 10 prospective patients whose plans have been automated by QuickPlan.
The generations of 22 automated treatment plans are compared against a manual replanning using an identical process, resulting in dosimetric differences of minor clinical significance. The target dose to 2% volume and homogeneity index result in significantly decreased values for automated plans, whereas other dose metric evaluations are nonsignificant. The time to generate the treatment plans is reduced for all automated plans with a median difference of 9' 50″±4' 33″.
Template-based automated planning allows for reduced treatment planning time with consistent optimization structure creation, treatment field creation, plan optimization, and dose calculation with similar dosimetric quality. This process has potential expansion to numerous disease sites.
Template-based automated planning allows for reduced treatment planning time with consistent optimization structure creation, treatment field creation, plan optimization, and dose calculation with similar dosimetric quality. This process has potential expansion to numerous disease sites.Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are components of plasma membranes and an efficient fuel source and also serve as metabolic regulators through FA signaling mediated by membrane FA receptors. Impaired tissue FA uptake has been linked to major complications of obesity, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Fatty acid interactions with a membrane receptor and the initiation of signaling can modify pathways related to nutrient uptake and processing, cell proliferation or differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors. Here, we review the major membrane receptors involved in FA uptake and FA signaling. We focus on two types of membrane receptors for long-chain FAs CD36 and the G protein-coupled FA receptors FFAR1 and FFAR4. We describe key signaling pathways and metabolic outcomes for CD36, FFAR1, and FFAR4 and highlight the parallels that provide insight into FA regulation of cell function. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 85 is February 2023. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Biochar may be potentially used as a rhizobial carrier due to its specific chemical compositions and surface properties, but the relationship between these properties and rhizobial survival rate is largely unknown. Here, we analysed the physicochemical characteristics and carrier potential of six types of biochars made from various feedstocks at 600 °C using slow pyrolysis method, and results were compared with conventional carrier material peat. Liquid suspension of Bradyrhziobium japonicum CB1809 was used to inoculate all the carrier materials. Shelf life and survival rate was determined via colony forming unit (CFU) method for up to 90 days under two storage temperature conditions (28 °C and 38 °C). The determined physicochemical characteristics of biochars were categorized into major elements, trace elements, relative ratios, surface morphology, functional groups, and key basic properties; and their interaction to shelf life was analysed using hypothesis-oriented structure equation modelling (path analysis). Results revealed that different types of biochars had different capacity to impact on shelf life due to their different physicochemical properties. Among all biochars pine wood BC was the most suitable carrier with the highest counts of 10.11 Log 10 CFU g-1 and 9.76 Log 10 CFU g-1 at the end of 90 days at 28 °C and 38 °C storage, respectively. Path analysis revealed that rhizobial shelf life was largely explained by total carbon (TC), manganese (Mn), specific surface area (SSA), pore size, CO (ketonic carbon), and O-CO (carboxyl carbon) functional groups, and all these indicators exhibited positive direct impact on shelf life. Pinewood BC showed the highest values of Mn, SSA, pore size and functional groups (CO and O-CO), contributing to its highest rhizobial shelf life and survival rate among other biochars and peat tested.Accounting for the ecosystem service values (ESVs) and discussing the relationship between the ESVs and economic development can help achieve sustainable ecological development. Therefore, this paper evaluates the county-level ESVs of various land types in China, and depicts the distribution of ESVs in various urban agglomerations. In addition, the nonlinear relationship between ESVs and economic development is revealed. The main findings are as follows (1) From 2000 to 2018, the ESVs in China decreased, and the decline rate of ESVs in urban agglomerations is much higher than that of China as a whole. (2) The decline rate of ESVs in core cities is much higher than in urban agglomerations, and the decline rate of ESVs is higher in areas close to core cities and lower in areas far from core cities. (3) The ecological Kuznets curve of China has a positive "U" shape, and the ecological Kuznets curve of urban agglomerations has an "N" shape; the ecological Kuznets curve of core cities has a positive "U" shape, while the ESVs of other cities decreases monotonically with the increase of the economic level.To determine factors affecting compost maturity and gaseous emissions during the rapid composting of kitchen waste, an orthogonal test was conducted with three factors moisture content (MC) (55%, 60%, 65%), aeration rate (AR) (0.3,0.6 and 0.9 L·kg-1DM·min-1) and C/N ratio (21, 24, 27). The results showed that the importance of factors affecting compost maturity was C/N > AR > MC, optimal conditions were C/N of 24, AR of 0.3 L·kg-1DM·min-1and MC of 65%. For gaseous emissions, the sequence of essential factors affecting NH3 emissions was C/N > MC > AR, and the optimal parameters for NH3 reduction were C/N of 27, MC of 65%, and AR of L·kg-1DM·min-1. The important factors affecting N2O and H2S emissions are both MC > C/N > AR, while their best parameters were different. The optimal parameters for N2O emission reduction were MC of 60%, AR of 0.3 L·kg-1DM·min-1 and C/N of 24, while these for H2S were MC of 55%, AR of 0.3 L·kg-1DM·min-1 and C/N of 21. see more The C/N mainly affected the compost maturity and AR further affected the maturity and pollutant gas emissions by influencing the temperature and O2 content. Considering comprehensively the maturity and gaseous reduction, the optimal control parameters were MC of 60%-65%, AR of L·kg-1DM·min-1, and C/N of 24-27.The antibiotic tetracycline (TC) and its degradation products (TDPs) in degradation solution present serious environmental problems, such as human health damage and ecological risk; thus further treatment is required before being released into the aquatic environment. Furthermore, their environmental impact on microalgae remains unclear. In this study, TC was degraded by photocatalysis using birnessite and UV irradiation, followed by biological purification using the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. In addition, the photosynthetic activity and transcription of the microalgae were examined to evaluate the toxicity of TC and TDPs. The results show that photocatalytic degradation efficiency reached 92.7% after 30 min, and 11 intermediate products were detected. The microalgae achieved a high TC removal efficiency (99.7%) after 8 days. Exposure to the degraded TC solution (D) resulted in significantly lower (p less then 0.05) biomass than the pure TC (T), and S. obliquus in the T treatment showed better resilience than the D treatment. Transcriptomic assays for different treatments revealed differential gene expression mainly involving the photosynthesis, ribosome, translation and peptide metabolic progresses. The up-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes and differential expression of chloroplast genes may be important for S. obliquus to acquire high photosynthetic efficiency and growth recovery when exposed to TC and TDPs. Our study provides a reference for TC removal using a combination of catalytic degradation and microalgal purification, and it is also helpful for understanding the environmental risk of TDPs in natural aquatic environments.Pancreatic cancer represents a serious public health problem worldwide. Due to its high mortality, efforts on identifying risk factors are very important since only a few risk-related factors have been well established. The present study aimed to address this knowledge gap by estimating the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with opium use. We performed a thorough literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, which yielded 3 case-control and 1 cohort study which were included in the analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted using the DerSimonian and Laird inverse-variance approach as the random effects method. The pooled risk ratio for pancreatic cancer in opium users was significantly increased (RR=1.98, 95 % CI 1.33-2.96, p = 0.0008) compared to never users. Subgroup analyses identified a significantly increased risk for pancreatic cancer in men (RR=1.74, 95 % CI 1.22-2.47, p = 0.002), in persons who consumed both raw teriak and refined shireh opium (RR=4.21, 95 % 1.27-13.93, p = 0.02) and in persons who smoked opium (RR=4.
