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Extreme environments are fascinating ecosystems that have allowed us to increase our knowledge about the evolutionary processes of life [...].Achromobacter species are isolated from rare but severe healthcare-associated infections, including surgical site infections. They are considered to preferentially infect immunocompromised patients but so far with limited evidence. We conducted a systematic review on Achromobacter spp. surgical site infections (SSIs) to determine if such infections were indeed more commonly associated with immunocompromised patients. The secondary objective was to describe the characteristics of infected patients. Eligible articles had to be published before 30 September 2020 and to report Achromobacter spp. SSIs across all surgical specialties excluding ophthalmology. Analyses were performed on individual data without meta-analysis. Cases were divided into 2 subgroups one group which had either prosthesis or implant and the other group which did not. A first selection led to a review of 94 articles, of which 37 were analyzed. All were case reports or case series and corresponded to 49 infected patients. Most of the patients were under 65 years of age and had undergone a heart or digestive surgery followed by deep infection with no co-infecting pathogens. Nine out of the 49 cases were immunocompromised, with similar distribution between the two subgroups (16.6% and 20%, respectively). This review suggests that Achromobacter spp. SSIs do not preferentially target immunocompromised patients.The therapeutic use of bacteriophages (phage therapy) represents a promising alternative to antibiotics to control bacterial pathogens. However, the understanding of the phage-bacterium interactions and population dynamics seems essential for successful phage therapy implementation. Here, we investigated the effect of three factors phage species (18 lytic E. coli-infecting phages); bacterial strain (10 APEC strains); and multiplicity of infection (MOI) (MOI 10, 1, and 0.1) on the bacterial growth dynamics. All factors had a significant effect, but the phage appeared to be the most important. The results showed seven distinct growth patterns. The first pattern corresponded to the normal bacterial growth pattern in the absence of a phage. The second pattern was complete bacterial killing. The remaining patterns were in-between, characterised by delayed growth and/or variable killing of the bacterial cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the phage-host dynamics is an important factor in the capacity of a phage to eliminate bacteria. The classified patterns show that this is an essential factor to consider when developing a phage therapy. This methodology can be used to rapidly screen for novel phage candidates for phage therapy. Accordingly, the most promising candidates were phages found in Group 2, characterised by growth dynamics with high bacterial killing.Bio-treatment of anaerobically treated swine wastewater (ADSW) mediated by microalgae has been deemed as a promising strategy. In the present study, six microalgal strains were used to conduct batch experiments in 0~100% ADSW in order to evaluate their potentials for nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Two strains, Chlorella vulgaris FACHB-8 and Chlorella sp. FACHB-31, were selected based on their better growth performances, higher tolerance to wastewater (up to 100%), and better nutrient removal abilities. The capacity of each strain to remove TN, TP, NH4+-N, as well as lipid production and biomass composition in 100% ADSW were further examined. After 15 days of culture, 87.68~89.85%, 92.61~93.68%, and 97.02~97.86% of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen were removed by Chlorella sp. FACHB-31 and C. vulgaris FACHB-8. Their lipid content and lipid productivities were 29.63~33.33% and 18.91~23.10 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. Proteins were both the major biomass fraction followed by lipids and then carbohydrates. Their fatty acid profiles both mainly consisted of C-160, C-181, C-180, and C-182. Taken together, our results suggest that C. vulgaris FACHB-8 and Chlorella sp. FACHB-31 are potential candidates for biodiesel production by using ADSW as a good feedstock.The White Ibis (Eudocimus albus), a nomadic wading bird, has increased its exploitation of urban habitats in South Florida, United States, and has recently established several urban breeding colonies. Certain characteristics of ibis ecology could position them in the natural cycle of the avian influenza virus (AIV). In fact, experimentally infected ibises were shown to be competent hosts for multiple AIV subtypes, and seroconversion to AIV has been documented in adult ibises in natural populations. However, the mechanisms of transmission and the timing of infection are unclear as we have yet to isolate AIV from a free-living ibis. To investigate the age-specific AIV dynamics of ibis, we captured nestlings (n = 115) weekly for 1-4 weeks from urban and natural settings in 2020 and 2021. We collected choanal/cloacal swabs for rRT-PCR and virus isolation, and plasma to screen for maternal AIV antibodies. AIV was not detected in any individual by virus isolation; however, maternal antibodies to AIV were detected in 95% of nestlings, with varying rates of catabolism. These results confirm that nestlings are afforded maternal antibodies from adults at rates reflective of higher adult seroprevalence than previously documented and that nestlings in breeding colonies may have some degree of protection and are unlikely to become infected with AIV.The expression of the enzyme 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and the consequent modulation of plant ACC and ethylene concentrations, is one of the most important features of plant-associated bacteria. By decreasing plant ACC and ethylene concentrations, ACC deaminase-producing bacteria can overcome some of the deleterious effects of inhibitory levels of ACC and ethylene in various aspects of plant-microbe interactions, as well as plant growth and development (especially under stressful conditions). As a result, the acdS gene, encoding ACC deaminase, is often prevalent and positively selected in the microbiome of plants. Several members of the genus Pseudomonas are widely prevalent in the microbiome of plants worldwide. Due to its adaptation to a plant-associated lifestyle many Pseudomonas strains are of great interest for the development of novel sustainable agricultural and biotechnological solutions, especially those presenting ACC deaminase activity. This manuscript discusses several aspects of ACC deaminase and its role in the increased plant growth promotion, plant protection against abiotic and biotic stress and promotion of the rhizobial nodulation process by Pseudomonas. Knowledge regarding the properties and actions of ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas is key for a better understanding of plant-microbe interactions and the selection of highly effective strains for various applications in agriculture and biotechnology.To in situ and noninvasively monitor the biofilm development process by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), experiments should be made to determine the mechanisms responsible for the T2 signals of biofilm growth. In this paper, biofilms were cultivated in both fluid media and saturated porous media. T2 relaxation for each sample was measured to investigate the contribution of the related processes to T2 relaxation signals. In addition, OD values of bacterial cell suspensions were measured to provide the relative number of bacterial cells. We also obtained SEM photos of the biofilms after vacuum freeze-drying the pure sand and the sand with biofilm formation to confirm the space within the biofilm matrix and identify the existence of biofilm formation. The T2 relaxation distribution is strongly dependent on the density of the bacterial cells suspended in the fluid and the stage of biofilm development. The peak time and the peak percentage can be used as indicators of the biofilm growth states.During conjugation, a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell via a connecting channel. Conjugation has clinical relevance because it is the major route for spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The conjugation process can be divided into different steps. The initial steps carried out in the donor cell culminate in the transfer of a single DNA strand (ssDNA) of the conjugative element into the recipient cell. However, stable settlement of the conjugative element in the new host requires at least two additional events conversion of the transferred ssDNA into double-stranded DNA and inhibition of the hosts' defence mechanisms to prevent degradation of the transferred DNA. The genes involved in this late step are historically referred to as establishment genes. The defence mechanisms of the host must be inactivated rapidly and-importantly-transiently, because prolonged inactivation would make the cell vulnerable to the attack of other foreign DNA, such as those of phages. Therefore, expression of the establishment genes in the recipient cell has to be rapid but transient. Here, we studied regulation of the establishment genes present on the four clades of the pLS20 family of conjugative plasmids harboured by different Bacillus species. Evidence is presented that two fundamentally different mechanisms regulate the establishment genes present on these plasmids. Identification of the regulatory sequences were critical in revealing the establishment regulons. Remarkably, whereas the conjugation genes involved in the early steps of the conjugation process are conserved and are located in a single large operon, the establishment genes are highly variable and organised in multiple operons. We propose that the mosaical distribution of establishment genes in multiple operons is directly related to the variability of defence genes encoded by the host bacterial chromosomes.Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans after campylobacteriosis, and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks in the EU/EEA. The vast majority (72.4%) of the salmonellosis foodborne outbreaks reported in EU in 2019 were caused by Salmonella Enteritidis, even if their total number due to this serovar decreased. Guggulsterone E&Z FXR antagonist In spring 2020, a foodborne outbreak of S. Enteritidis occurred in the Marche region (Central Italy), involving 85 people. The common exposure source was a cheese, pecorino "primo sale", produced with raw sheep milk. The cheese batches were produced by two local dairies, with a livestock production facility, also including a sheep farm, being part of one dairy. Bacteriological analysis of samples collected allowed the detection of S. Enteritidis in animal faeces, environmental samples, raw-milk bulk tanks and milk taken from single animals. These data confirm that, despite the scarce scientific evidence, S. Enteritidis can infect sheep and be shed into the animals' milk. Hence, this is a real risk for public health when unpasteurized milk is used in production of such cheese. The present paper describes the results of the investigations conducted to clarify this outbreak.The reclamation of mine dump is largely centered on the role played by microorganisms. However, the succession of microbial community structure and function in ecological restoration of the mine soils is still poorly understood. In this study, soil samples with different stacking time were collected from the dump of an iron mine in China and the physicochemical characteristics and microbial communities of these samples were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the fresh bare samples had the lowest pH, highest ion concentration, and were the most deficient in nutrients while the acidity and ion concentration of old bare samples decreased significantly, and the nutritional conditions improved remarkably. Vegetated samples had the weakest acidity, lowest ion concentration, and the highest nutrient concentration. In the fresh mine soils, the iron/sulfur-oxidizers such as Acidiferrobacter and Sulfobacillus were dominant, resulting in the strongest acidity. Bacteria from genera Acidibacter, Metallibacterium, and phyla Cyanobacteria, WPS-2 were abundant in the old bare samples, which contributed to the pH increase and TOC accumulation respectively.