Harderhorner2693

Anxiety disorders are the most frequent type of mental disorder. Threat-conditioning memory plays a central role in anxiety disorders, impacting complex cognitive systems by modifying behavioral responses to fearful stimuli and inducing an overestimation of potential threats. Here, we analyzed the reminder-dependent amnesia on physiological responses, unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy ratings, and measures of cognitive bias towards the threat of a threat-conditioning memory. Subjects received differential threat-conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, after reactivation of the memory of threat-conditioning, one group performed a high demand working memory task (HWM) and a second group a low demand working memory task (LWM). A third group only performed the HWM task. Retention of conditioned threat memory was tested on Day 3 in an extinction session followed by a reinstatement test. Tasks targeting stimulus representation, valuation, and attentional bias towards threat were performed. We show that the reminder-dependent intervention with an HWM weakened memory retention as expressed in skin conductance response (SCR) and faded the representation and valuation towards the threat, but it did not affect US expectancy or attentional bias. Our findings provide evidence for the experimental psychopathology approach opening the possibility to weaken both Threat conditioning memory and the systems associated with the maintenance of anxiety features.

We surveyed a diverse group of US participants to understand parental coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy.

We administered a telephone and online survey from May 7 to June 7, 2021 using stratified sampling to ensure robust sample sizes of racial and ethnic minorities. Of the 20,280 contacted, 12,288 respondents completed the survey (response rate 61%). We used chi-square tests and adjusted risk ratios to compare results by racial/ethnic group.

Overall, 23% of parents stated that they plan to (or have) vaccinated their children; 30% said that they would not vaccinate their children, and 25% were unsure. Latino/a, Native American, and Asian American-Pacific Islander (AAPI) parents were generally more likely to vaccinate their children than Black or White parents. After adjusting for demographic factors, AAPI parents were significantly more likely to vaccinate their children than were others. Of parents who said that they would not vaccinate their child, 55% stated it was due to insufficiHealth professionals can play an important role in COVID-19 vaccine education and should provide access to vaccines.

To provide some causal evidence concerning the effects of metformin on osteoarthritis (OA) using two metformin targets, namely AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as metformin proxies.

This is a 2-sample Mendelian randomization design. We constructed 44 AMPK-related variants genetically predicted in HbA1c (%) as instruments for AMPK and five variants strongly predicted GDF-15 as instruments for GDF-15. Summary-level data for three OA phenotypes, including OA at any site, knee OA, and hip OA were obtained from the largest genome-wide meta-analysis across the UK Biobank and arcOGEN with 455,211 Europeans. Main analyses were conducted using the inverse-variance weighted method. Weighted median and MR-Egger were conducted as sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results.

Genetically predicted AMPK were negatively associated with OA at any site (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.43-0.83) and hip OA (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.80), but with not knee OA (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.49-1.50). Higher levels of genetically predicted GDF-15 reduced the risk of hip OA (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.90-0.99), but not OA at any site (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98-1.02) and knee OA (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.98-1.07).

This study indicates that AMPK and GDF-15 can be potential therapeutic targets for OA, especially for hip OA, and metformin would be repurposed for OA therapy which needs to be verified in randomized controlled trials.

This study indicates that AMPK and GDF-15 can be potential therapeutic targets for OA, especially for hip OA, and metformin would be repurposed for OA therapy which needs to be verified in randomized controlled trials.Rats emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) via the accumbal dopaminergic system in response to rhythmic stroking (RS). However, it is unknown whether RS can lead to approach behavior, which is a reliable marker of positive affective states. To assess the effects of RS on the behavioral response and its correlation with call subtypes, we measured the total number of 50-kHz USVs (overall and within call subtypes) and approach behavior in response to RS. Rats were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group received RS and the control group received light touch (LT). RS stimulation was administered for 30 s once a day for 7 consecutive days, and USVs were recorded immediately before, during, and after stimulation. RS induced 50-kHz USVs from day 1 and led to quick approach on day 2 and after. However, those responses were absent in the LT group. Specific frequency-modulated (FM) calls observed after RS were significantly correlated with approach latency. These results suggest that RS has rewarding effects, and the specific FM calls observed immediately after RS can be used as indices of innate positive reinforcement.Delay discounting occurs when the present, subjective value of a reward decreases as a function of delay. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pp1.html Delay discounting is steeper when individuals must wait during the delay, and delay discounting rates for decisions about waiting are not strongly correlated with those for decisions about postponing without waiting. We examined whether changes in delay discounting in choices about waiting are linked to changes in subjective time perception. In Experiment 1, participants completed an experiential waiting task twice. We established that delay discounting was steeper later in the session. In Experiment 2 participants again completed the delay discounting task twice, and we also tracked time perception across the session using the temporal bisection task. Once again, participants demonstrated steeper discounting during the second discounting task, but time perception did not differ significantly. Additionally, discounting rates were not correlated with subjective time perception. Changes in delay discounting across the session might be understood in terms of context or reference effects.

The hippocampus is a core region of interest for all major mental disorders, and its subfields implement distinctive functions. It is unclear whether the mental disorders exhibit common patterns of hippocampal impairments, and we lack knowledge on whether and how hippocampal subfields represent deficit spectra across mental disorders.

Using brain images of 1123 individuals scanned on a single magnetic resonance imaging scanner, we examined the commonality, specificity, and symptom associations of the volume of hippocampal subfields across patients with schizophrenia, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, patients with bipolar disorder, patients with major depressive disorder, and healthy control subjects. We further performed a transdiagnostic analysis of the individual variability of the volume of hippocampal subfields to reflect cross-disease gradients in the hippocampus.

We found common and disease-specific abnormalities in a few hippocampal fields and identified 2 reliable transdiagnostic facsorders, suggesting multivariate links among the diseases. This work highlights the value of the complementary categorical and dimensional views of the hippocampal deficits in mental disorders.

In the present study, we used a national database to identify racial differences in the presentation and outcomes for patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR) and identified areas for improving their care.

We queried the EVAR-targeted National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2016-2019) to identify patients who had undergone EVAR for both ruptured and nonruptured AAAs. The patients were categorized according to race (White, Black, and Asian). Patients with a history of abdominal aortic surgery or an indication other than AAAs were excluded. The data was analyzed using the χ

and Kruskal-Wallis tests, presented as frequencies and percentages or median and interquartile range (IQR) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.

We identified 3629 patients (16.6% female), including 3312 White (91.3%), 248 Black (6.8%), and 69 Asian (1.9%) patients. Black patients were more frequently women (27.0%) compared with White patients (15.9%) and were yoive setting.

In the present nationwide sample of EVAR cases, Black patients were more often women and younger. Despite similar rates of symptomatic and ruptured AAAs at presentation and 30-day mortality, Black patients more often presented and were treated during the same nonelective admission; they also had associated increased length of hospital stay and readmission. These findings signal a missed opportunity to diagnose, optimize, and treat this particular group of patients in an elective setting.

We sought to compare immediate and early mortality among patients undergoing ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) repair. Evaluation of RAAA has focused on 30-day postoperative mortality. Other emergency conditions such as trauma have demonstrated a multimodal mortality distribution within the 30-day window, expanding the pathophysiologic understanding and allowing for intervention investigations with practice changing and lifesaving results. However, the temporal distribution and risk factors of postoperative morbidity and mortality in RAAA have yet to be investigated.

We evaluated factors associated with RAAA postoperative mortality in immediate (<1day) and early (1-30days) postoperative periods in a landmarked retrospective cohort study using data from the Vascular Quality Initiative (2010-2020).

We identified 5157 RAAA repairs (mean age, 72 ± 10years; 77% male; 88% White; 61% endovascular). The mortality rate in the immediate period was 10.2% (528/5157) and the early mortality rate was 22.1%orrhage, whereas early deaths were associated with comorbid conditions predisposing patients to multisystem organ failure despite successful repair. These temporal distinctions should guide future mechanistic and intervention evaluations to improve RAAA mortality.

Antenatal exposure to maternal psychological adversity, including depression, increases the risk of impaired neurodevelopment in children. The underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear, especially in early life during critical windows of development and maturation. This study investigated the association of antenatal maternal depression, maternal and early life inflammatory markers and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children at 2years of age.

A subgroup of mothers and their children (n=255) that were enrolled in a South African birth cohort study, the Drakenstein Child Health Study, were followed from the antenatal period through to 2years of child age. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at 26weeks gestation. Serum inflammatory markers [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] were measured in mothers at enrolment and in their children at 6-10weeks and at 2years.