Thorhaugetan0193

To further test this hypothesis, we have now performed a stepwise glucose administration through a gastric tube (from zero to 125mg) in model experiments in anesthetized female wildtype, GLP-1 receptor KO and GIP receptor KO mice. We show that GIP receptor KO mice exhibit glucose intolerance in the presence of impaired insulin response after 100 and 125 mg glucose, but not after lower doses of glucose. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor KO mice have normal glucose tolerance after all glucose loads, in the presence of a compensatory increase in the insulin response. Therefore, based on these results and the literature survey, we suggest that GIP and GLP-1 receptor KO mice retain normal glucose tolerance after oral glucose, except after large glucose loads in GIP receptor KO mice, and we also show an adaptive mechanism in GLP-1 receptor KO mice, which needs to be further examined.The aim of the present study, is to investigate the influence of obesity, with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), on the levels of kisspeptin, vitamin D (Vit D), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and to explore the relationship between these parameters and endocrine and metabolic variables. The study group included 126 obese Saudi females. Of these 63 were suffering from PCOS while the rest were normo-ovulatory obese women (non-PCOS obese). In the obese PCOS, VEGF was almost four times as high as in the non-PCOS obese, while kisspeptin and Vit D did not differ. A highly significant elevation was recorded in the waist/hip (WHR), cholesterol, LDL-C, fasting glucose, LH, LH/FSH ratio, estradiol (E2), and testosterone, while hip circumference, leptin, progesterone, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were lower in the obese PCOS subjects. BMI, HDL-C, ghrelin, insulin, and FSH levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. The obese PCOS had the same level of insulin resis to elevation in several of the lipid and hormonal abnormalities in the obese females. In addition, PCOS influences relationship between Kisspeptin and VEGF and some parameters such as glucose, LH or FSH and LH/FSH ratio in obese females, but does not affect Vit D relationship with other parameter.

Malabsorption of levothyroxine (LT4) is a common problem faced in clinical practice. ABT-888 nmr It is usually solved, if there are no complexities including gastrointestinal absorption disorder, by taking medicines on an empty stomach and avoiding foods interfering with LT4. Herein we present a rare case of a patient exhibiting malabsorption of LT4 with decreased membranous expression of ileal transporters.

The 22-Year-old female presented with sustained hypothyroid status despite medication of 7.8 μg/kg LT4. Medical history and LT4 absorption test (the absorption rate 8.4%) excluded pseudomalabsorption. No organic gastrointestinal disorder was found in the patient by blood chemistry, endoscopies, and abdominal computed tomography scan. The immunohistochemical analysis showed decreased membranous expression of LAT1 and LAT2 in distal ileum and ascending colon in the patient compared to 20 controls who have no thyroid disease. The expression of MCT8 in colon appeared at both nucleus and brush border in the patient, while it was limited to brush border in controls. The expression of other transporters was similar between the patient and controls.

The changes of the expression of LAT1 and LAT2 in this patient showing LT4 malabsorption might help to understand the role of intestinal transporters in the absorption of LT4 in humans. The functional relevance of the decrement of LAT1 and LAT2 in this patient remains to be elucidated.

The changes of the expression of LAT1 and LAT2 in this patient showing LT4 malabsorption might help to understand the role of intestinal transporters in the absorption of LT4 in humans. The functional relevance of the decrement of LAT1 and LAT2 in this patient remains to be elucidated.Guidelines have differed in their opinion regarding the indications for endoscopic resection of gastric-neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) and duodenal-NENs (d-NENs). We examined the association between size and lymph node metastasis (LNM) to identify candidates most suitable for endoscopic resection. We identified 706 patients with T1/T2 g-NENs and 621 patients with T1/T2 d-NENs from the SEER database. The prevalence of LNM and risk factors associated with LNM were analyzed. LNM was present in 8.1% of patients with gastroduodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and 31.6% of patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that tumor size >10mm, greater invasion depth, and poor differentiation were independently associated with LNM. In addition, the percentage of g-NETs invading submucosa with LNM increased with tumor size (≤10 mm,3.9%;11-20 mm,8.6%;>20 mm,16.1%). However, in contrast to the low LNM risk in patients with small g-NETs (≤10 mm), we found that LNM rate exceeded 5% even for patients with small submucosal-infiltrating d-NETs. Among patients with nodal-negative g-NETs, the cause specific survival (CSS) was similar for those who received surgical resection and endoscopic resection. Among patients with d-NETs, the CSS was better for those who received endoscopic resection. In conclusion, patients with d-NETs had a higher probability of LNM than those with g-NETs. Endoscopic resection can be utilized for curative treatment of submucosa-infiltrating g-NETs and intramucosal d-NETs when the size is 10 mm or less. These results reinforce the need to search for LNM in lesions that are larger than 10 mm.

To evaluate the risk of fracture in individuals with a history of cholecystectomy in Korean population.

Individuals (n = 143,667) aged ≥ 40 y who underwent cholecystectomy between 2010 and 2015 and the controls (n = 255,522), matched by age and sex, were identified from the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Services. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of fracture were estimated following cholecystectomy, and a Cox regression analysis was performed.

The incidence rates of all fractures, vertebral, and hip fractures were 14.689, 6.483 and 1.228 cases per 1000 person-years respectively in the cholecystectomy group, whereas they were 13.862, 5.976, and 1.019 cases per 1000 person-years respectively in the control group. After adjustment for age, sex, income, place of residence, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and body mass index, patients who underwent cholecystectomy showed an increased risk of all fractures, vertebral fractures, and hip fractures (aHR [95% CI] 1.095 [1.059-1.132], 1.134 [1.078-1.193], and 1.283 [1.139-1.444] for all fractures, vertebral fractures, and hip fractures, respectively). The risk of vertebral fractures following cholecystectomy was more prominent in the young age group (40 to 49 y) than in the old age group (≥ 65 y) (1.366 [1.082-1.724]

1.132 [1.063-1.206], respectively). However, the incidence of hip fractures following cholecystectomy was not affected by age.

Individuals who underwent cholecystectomy have an increased risk of fracture. In the younger population, the risk of vertebral fractures may be further increased following cholecystectomy.

Individuals who underwent cholecystectomy have an increased risk of fracture. In the younger population, the risk of vertebral fractures may be further increased following cholecystectomy.Pyrethroids may be related to male reproductive system damage. However, the results of many previous studies are contradictory and uncertain. Therefore, a systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed to assess the relationship between pyrethroid exposure and male reproductive system damage. A total of 72 articles were identified, among which 57 were selected for meta-analysis, and 15 were selected for qualitative analysis. Pyrethroid exposure affected sperm count (SMD= -2.0424; 95% CI, -2.4699 to -1.6149), sperm motility (SMD=-3.606; 95% CI, -4.5172 to -2.6948), sperm morphology (SMD=2.686; 95% CI, 1.9744 to 3.3976), testis weight (SMD=-1.1591; 95% CI, -1.6145 to -0.7038), epididymal weight (SMD=-1.1576; 95% CI, -1.7455 to -0.5697), and serum testosterone level (SMD=-1.9194; 95% CI, -2.4589 to -1.3798) in the studies of rats. We found that gestational and lactational exposure to pyrethroids can reduce sperm count (SMD=1.8469; 95% CI, -2.9010 to -0.7927), sperm motility (SMD=-2.7151; 95% CI, -3.9574 to -1.4728), testis weight (SMD=-1.4361; 95% CI, -1.8873 to -0.9848), and epididymal weight (SMD=-0.6639; 95% CI, -0.9544 to -0.3733) of F1 offspring. Exposure to pyrethroids can increase malondialdehyde (SMD=3.3451; 95% CI 1.9914 to 4.6988) oxide in testes and can reduce the activities of glutathione (SMD=-2.075; 95% CI -3.0651 to -1.0848), superoxide dismutase (SMD=-2.4856; 95% CI -3.9612 to -1.0100), and catalase (SMD=-2.7564; 95% CI -3.9788 to -1.5340). Pyrethroid exposure and oxidative stress could damage male sperm quality. Gestational and lactational pyrethroid exposure affects the reproductive system of F1 offspring.

A diagnostic I-131 (Dx) scan is used to detect a thyroid remnant or metastases before treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with I-131. The aim of this study is to specify in which patients with DTC a Dx scan could have an additional value, by studying the effect of the Dx scan on clinical management.

Patients with DTC, treated with I-131 after thyroidectomy were included in this retrospective cohort study. Twenty-four hours after administration of 37 MBq I-131 a whole body Dx scan and an uptake measurement at the original thyroid bed were performed. Outcomes of the Dx scan and the subsequent changes in clinical management, defined as additional surgery or adjustment of I-131 activity, were reported. Risk factors for a change in clinical management were identified with a binary logistic regression.

In 11 (4.2%) patients clinical management was changed, including additional surgery (n=5), lowering I-131 activity (n=5) or both (n=1). Risk factors for a change in clinical management were previous neck surgery (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.4-24.5), surgery in a non-tertiary center (OR 13.4, 95% CI 2.8 - 63.8), TSH <53.4 mU/L (OR 19.64, 95% CI 4.94-78.13), thyroglobulin ≥50.0 ng/L (OR 7.4, 95% CI 1.6-34.9) and free T4 ≥4.75 pmol/L (OR 156.8, 95% CI 128.4-864.2).

The Dx scan can potentially change clinical management before treatment with I-131, but the yield is low. A Dx-scan should only be considered for patients with a high pre-scan risk of a change in management, based on patient history and prior center-based surgical outcomes.

The Dx scan can potentially change clinical management before treatment with I-131, but the yield is low. A Dx-scan should only be considered for patients with a high pre-scan risk of a change in management, based on patient history and prior center-based surgical outcomes.

Universal salt iodization (USI) was implemented in mainland China in 1996. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism and its risk factors now require examination.

Data were acquired from a nationwide Thyroid, Iodine, and Diabetes Epidemiological survey (TIDE 2015-2017) of 78,470 subjects from 31 provinces. Iodine status, and thyroid hormones and antibodies were measured.

After two decades of USI, the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism (OH), Graves' disease (GD), severe subclinical hyperthyroidism (severe SCH), and mild subclinical hyperthyroidism (mild SCH) in mainland China was 0.78%, 0.53%, 0.22%, and 0.22%, respectively. OH and GD prevalence were higher in women than in men (OH 1.16%

. 0.64%, P<0.001; GD 0.65%

. 0.37%, P<0.001).Prevalence was significantly decreased after 60 years-of-age compared with 30-39 years-of-age (OH0.61%

. 0.81%, P<0.001; GD 0.38%

. 0.57%, P<0.001).Excessive iodine(EI) and deficient iodine(DI) were both related to increased prevalence of OH (odds ratio [OR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.