Clementssanders4631

62%) and degree of hydrolysis (85.45%) as the highest. After being challenged in the gastrointestinal tract-resistant model, these PAAEs (MW less then 3 and 3-5 kDa) induced liver cancer cell (HepG2) death via apoptotic action modes (cell morphological change and DNA fragmentation). The PAAEs (MW  less then 3 kDa) exhibited significant antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP with IC50 values of 0.94, 0.44, and 6.34 mg/ml, respectively. The PAAEs (MW  less then  3 kDa) were non-cytotoxic and protected the mouse fibroblast cells (L929) against oxidative stress. These PAAEs (MW  less then  3 kDa, 0.2 mg/ml) stimulated the B lymphocytes (122.3%), and T lymphocytes (126.7%) proliferation. This research suggests that PAAEs can be used in a variety of applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.Bacterial biofilms are ubiquitous in natural environments and play an essential role in bacteria's environmental adaptability. Quorum sensing (QS), as the main signaling mechanism bacteria used for cell-to-cell communication, plays a key role in bacterial biofilm formation. However, little is known about the role of QS circuit in the N-transformation type strain, Paracoccus denitrificans, especially for the regulatory protein PdeR. In this study, we found the overexpression of pdeR promoted bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. Through RNA-seq analysis, we demonstrated that PdeR is a global regulator which could regulate 656 genes expression, involved in multiple metabolic pathways. Combined with transcriptome as well as biochemical experiments, we found the overexpressed pdeR mainly promoted the intracellular degradation of amino acids and fatty acids, as well as siderophore biosynthesis and transportation, thus providing cells enough energy and iron for biofilm development. These results revealed the underlying mechanism for PdeR in biofilm formation of P. denitrificans, adding to our understanding of QS regulation in biofilm development.Dicamba, an important hormone-type systemic herbicide, is widely used to control more than 200 kinds of broadleaf weeds in agriculture. Due to its broad-spectrum, high efficiency and effectively killing glyphosate-resistant weeds, dicamba is considered as an excellent target herbicide for the engineering of herbicide-resistant crops. In this study, an efficient dicamba-degrading microbial consortium was enriched from soil collected from the outfall of a pesticide factory. The enriched consortium could almost completely degrade 500 mg/L of dicamba within 12 h of incubation. A novel tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent dicamba demethylase gene, named dmt06, was cloned from the total DNA of the enriched consortium. Dmt06 shared the highest identity (72.3%) with dicamba demethylase Dmt50 from Rhizorhabdus dicambivorans Ndbn-20. Dmt06 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified to homogeneity using Co2+-charged nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. The purified Dmt06 catalyzed the transfer of methyl from dicamba to THF, generating the herbicidally inactive metabolite 3,6-dichlorosalicylate (3,6-DCSA) and 5-methyl-THF. The optimum pH and temperature for Dmt06 were detected to be 7.4 and 35°C, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the specific activity of Dmt06 reached 165 nmol/min/mg toward dicamba, which was much higher than that of Dmt and Dmt50. In conclusion, this study cloned a novel gene, dmt06, encoding an efficient THF-dependent dicamba demethylase, which was a good candidate for dicamba-resistant transgenic engineering.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that causes various acute and chronic lung infections in immunocompromised patients. We previously found that a quorum sensing (QS) signal, namely, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), facilitates the pathogenicity of the wild-type (WT) P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain in vitro and in vivo. However, the immunological mechanism that leads to pulmonary injury remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of AI-2 on interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production during acute P. aeruginosa PAO1 lung infection using a mouse model, with an emphasis on the underlying immunological mechanism. Compared to infection with P. aeruginosa PAO1 alone, infection with P. aeruginosa PAO1 combined with AI-2 treatment resulted in significantly increased levels of IL-17A, numbers of Th17 cells and levels of STAT3 in the lung tissues of WT mice (P 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IL-17A in the lungs of WT mice was significantly reduced following infection with a P. check details aeruginosa strain harboring mutations in the QS genes lasR and rhlR compared with the level of IL-17A following infection with P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our data suggest that AI-2 promotes P. aeruginosa PAO1 acute lung infection via the IL-17A pathway by interfering with the QS systems of P. aeruginosa. IL-17A may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of acute P. aeruginosa lung infections in the clinic.The tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide ribosome-targeting antibiotics with a long history of use as essential second-line treatments for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Beginning with the identification of viomycin in the early 1950s, this mini-review briefly describes tuberactinomycin structures and biosynthesis, as well as their past and present application in the treatment of tuberculosis caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More recent studies are also discussed that have revealed details of tuberactinomycin action on the ribosome as well as resistance mechanisms that have emerged since their introduction into the clinic. Finally, future applications of these drugs are considered in the context of their recent removal from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.Gluconobacter oxydans has been widely acknowledged as an ideal strain for industrial bio-oxidations with fantastic yield and productivity. Even 600 g/L xylose can be catalyzed efficiently in a sealed and compressed oxygen-supplying bioreactor. Therefore, the present study seeks to explore the osmotic stress tolerance against extra-high titer of representative lignocellulosic sugars like glucose. Gluconobacter oxydans can well adapted and fermented with initial 600 g/L glucose, exhibiting the highest bio-tolerance in prokaryotic strains and the comparability to the eukaryotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1,432 differentially expressed genes corresponding to osmotic pressure are detected through transcriptome analysis, involving several genes related to the probable compatible solutes (trehalose and arginine). Gluconobacter oxydans obtains more energy by enhancing the substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in the increased glucose consumption rate after fermentation adaption phase. This study will provide insights into further investigation of biological tolerance and response to extra-high titers of glucose of G. oxydans.The fate of a drug is not only the process of drug metabolism in vivo and in vitro but also the homeostasis of drug-exposed microbial communities may be disturbed. Anticoccidial drugs are widely used to combat the detrimental effects of protozoan parasites in the poultry industry. Salinomycin and ethanamizuril belong to two different classes of anticoccidial drugs. The effect of salinomycin and ethanamizuril on the microbiota of cecal content, manure compost, and soil remains unknown. Our results showed that although both salinomycin and ethanamizuril treatments suppressed some opportunistic pathogens, they failed to repair the great changes in chicken cecal microbial compositions caused by coccidia infection. Subsequently, the metabolite5 profiling of cecal content by LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed the great impact of coccidia infection on chicken cecum and showed that histidine metabolism may be the main action pathway of salinomycin, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis may be the major regulatory mechanism of eththanamizuril have diverse effects on various microbial communities.Alfalfa plays a significant role in the pasture ecosystems of China's north, northeast, and northwest regions. It is an excellent forage for livestock, improves soil structure, prevents soil erosion, and has ecological benefits. Presently root rot is a significant threat to the alfalfa productivity because of the survival of the pathogens as soil-borne and because of lack of microbial competition in the impoverished nutrient-deficient soils and resistant cultivars. Furthermore, these regions' extreme ecological and environmental conditions predispose alfalfa to root rot. Moisture and temperature, in particular, have a considerable impact on the severity of root rot. Pathogens such as Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani are predominant, frequently isolated, and of major concern. These pathogens work together as disease complexes, so finding a host genotype resistant to disease complexes is challenging. Approaches to root rot control in these regions include mostly fungicides treatments and cultural practices and very few reports on the usage of biological control agents. As seed treatment, fungicides such as carbendazim are frequently used to combat root rot; however, resistance to fungicides has arisen. However, breeding and transgenic approaches could be more efficient and sustainable long-term control strategies, especially if resistance to disease complexes may be identified. Yet, research in China is mainly limited to field investigation of root rot and disease resistance evaluation. In this review, we describe climatic conditions of pastoral regions and the role of alfalfa therein and challenges of root rot, the distribution of root rot in the world and China, and the impact of root rot pathogens on alfalfa in particular R. solani and Fusarium spp., effects of environmental factors on root rot and summarize to date disease management approach.The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) and phosphorus (P) can improve plant growth under drought stress by upregulating the antioxidant system and osmotic accumulation. The 14-3-3 protein can respond to different abiotic stresses such as low P and drought. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices) inoculation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, P metabolism, and 14-3-3 gene expression of Populus cathayana at different P levels and drought stress (WW well-watered and WD water deficit). Under WD conditions, AM fungi inoculation significantly increased the P content in leaves and roots, but the benefit in roots is limited by the level of P addition, and the roots may have more alkaline phosphatase and phytase under P stress, and these activities in the rhizosphere soil inoculated with AM fungi were stronger. Under WD conditions, the activities of catalase (leaf and root) and peroxidase (root) inoculated with AM fungi were significantly higher than those without inoculation and decreased with P addition. 14-3-3 genes, PcGRF10 and PcGRF11, have a positive correlation with the antioxidant system, osmotic regulation, and P metabolism, which may be more significant after inoculation with AM fungi. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of ROS homeostasis and P metabolism in mycorrhizal plants under drought stress.