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sment agreement. Peers for surgical skills assessment is an option for formative evaluation without training. Training to assessment tools should be performed for any assessment, formative or summative, for the optimal evaluation of procedural competence.

To determine whether premedical programming can address the interest level and perception of barriers to women in orthopaedics held by female high school and medical students.

A thirteen-question paper-based survey was distributed among the high school and medical school participants prior to the January 2020 Perry Outreach Program and Medical Student Outreach Program. After a day of participation in mock procedures and speaker sessions, participants subsequently completed another survey of seven-questions.

The Perry Outreach Program and Medical Student Outreach Program were conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham campus.

Participants consisted of high school and medical school women hailing from the Birmingham metropolitan area, who had signed up for the Perry programs via email, outreach to local high schools, and social media interest pages. Participant sampling was stratified by race and level of education (high school vs. medical school).

A total of 36 women, 18 high school and 18 itiative improved perceptions of both high school and medical students regarding the ability of women to have a work/life balance, family life, and children during orthopaedics residency. Medical student participation in the events led to a decreased belief in barriers regarding schedule, family life, perceptions of an orthopaedic surgeon, and perceptions of peers within healthcare setting.

To describe the implementation of a department-wide research curriculum and infrastructure created to promote academic collaboration and productivity, particularly amongst trainees and junior investigators involved in basic, translational, clinical, quality, or education research.

Description of UT Southwestern Medical Center's (UTSW) surgical research resources and infrastructure and the development of a didactic curriculum focused on research methods, writing skills, and optimizing academic time and effort.

The collaboration was initiated by UTSW Department of Surgery residents who were on dedicated research time (DRT) and grew to include trainees and faculty at all levels of the institution. Guest lecturers from institutions around the country were incorporated via virtual meeting platforms.

Medical students, residents, and clinical and research faculty from the Department of Surgery were invited to attend research meetings, didactics, and the guest-lecture series. Additionally, all groups were give of the largest surgical training programs in the country. This effort represents a low-cost, feasible, and accessible way to improve academic productivity and enhance the training of surgeon-scientists and can serve as a blueprint for other institutions around the country.

Advances in surgical training have led to the recent emergence of surgical education research. While the importance of surgical education research is well recognized, not all surgical journals are publishing these works. The objective of this study was to analyze the volume and types of surgical education publications in general surgery and surgical subspecialty journals.

A PubMed search string was developed to identify surgical education publications in general surgery (GS, n = 10) and surgical subspecialty (SS, n = 16) journals from 2015 to 2019. Publications were catalogued into 7 categories curriculum and/or teaching, trainee assessment, program evaluation, wellness and/or burnout, resident research, case outcomes with resident involvement, and other. Journals were also categorized by impact factor into 3 groups. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression and Wilcoxon rank-sum to analyze differences in education publication number and percent between GS and SS journals, as well as betw education research to further understand and develop training in their field.

Education research is an important component of the surgical literature, with similar publication rates among journals of different impact factors. Publication volume is higher among general surgery than surgical subspecialty journals. With the ever-changing paradigm of surgical training, a rigorous scientific approach is needed to ensure effective training of future surgeons. Subspecialty journals should promote surgical education research to further understand and develop training in their field.

To describe the development and implementation of virtual vascular surgery rotations among 6 integrated vascular surgery programs.

A collaborative teleconference retrospectively discussing 6 independently developed virtual vascular surgery rotations to make a framework for future use.

University of California Davis initiated a joint teleconference among the various integrated vascular surgery programs.

Vascular surgery faculty and residents from 6 programs participated in the teleconferences and drafting of a framework for building a virtual vascular surgery rotation.

Four specific domains were identified in discussing the framework to build a virtual vascular surgery rotation planning, development, curriculum, and feedback. Each domain has specific aspects in making a virtual rotation that has applicability to other surgical rotations that seek to do the same.

Virtual vascular surgery rotations are feasible and important; these electives can be established and implemented successfully with appropriate planning and consideration. This work hopes to help programs navigate this new space in education by making it more transparent and highlighting potential pitfalls.

Virtual vascular surgery rotations are feasible and important; these electives can be established and implemented successfully with appropriate planning and consideration. This work hopes to help programs navigate this new space in education by making it more transparent and highlighting potential pitfalls.

Women with physical disabilities experience barriers to knowledge about pregnancy and adequate reproductive healthcare, which impedes decision-making processes and negatively impacts their pregnancy planning.

The purpose of this study was to learn more about pregnancy decision-making in women with physical disabilities.

We conducted a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews with women with physical disabilities. We asked questions regarding pregnancy, parenting, reproductive health, relationships and interactions with the healthcare system. We utilized interview transcripts and notes to form a codebook regarding pregnancy and parenting decision-making, knowledge, and fears. We then organized codes into themes based on pre-existing literature regarding fertility and conceptualization of the self.

We completed and analyzed 16 interviews. Themes overall reflected the participants grappling with their own baseline assumptions that they were infertile, as well as managing similar assumptions from others. However, many of the participants recall an exact point where they began to contemplate the fact that having children was possible for them. Finally, disability-related parenting challenges are considered very early in pregnancy decision-making process.

Women with physical disabilities experience barriers to contemplating pregnancy including inadequate information on pregnancy and reproductive healthcare that affects their decision-making regarding pregnancy and parenting. All healthcare providers should talk to patients with disabilities about family planning and address possible barriers to contemplating pregnancy.

Women with physical disabilities experience barriers to contemplating pregnancy including inadequate information on pregnancy and reproductive healthcare that affects their decision-making regarding pregnancy and parenting. All healthcare providers should talk to patients with disabilities about family planning and address possible barriers to contemplating pregnancy.In the recent guideline statement from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, experts reviewed relevant literature and provided treatment recommendations for multimodality treatment approaches. The guidelines recommend either preoperative concurrent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or perioperative chemotherapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma and either preoperative CRT followed by esophagectomy or definitive CRT for squamous cell carcinoma. Whether radiation can be omitted in patients with adenocarcinoma or whether surgery can be omitted in patients with squamous cell carcinoma is a subject of ongoing debate and clinical trials.

The opioid crisis is a global public health issue, especially present in the United States. Limited research addresses pharmacists' opioid medication counseling practices particularly their risk and safety counseling practices.

The objective of this paper is to categorize pharmacists based on their opioid risk and safety counseling practices to inform future interventions and research to improve practice. The percent of pharmacists falling into each of these underlying, unobservable subgroups is identified using latent class analysis.

This study was conducted as a statewide survey of pharmacists using the modified Dilman technique. The survey consisted of ten items about pharmacists' opioid risk and safety practices when dispensing an opioid medication. find more Descriptive statistics were conducted followed by latent class analysis. This approach categorized pharmacists based on their responses to the survey items.

Responses from 216 pharmacists were used in this study. In the three-class model which was deem study identifies distinct classes of pharmacists in terms of the frequency with which their opioid counseling does or does not include key elements of risk and safety topics. A small minority usually include the risk and safety issues. Training and resource interventions targeting pharmacists who do not counsel patients about opioid risks are important to help them become more comfortable and adept as opioid risk and safety educators.

An aging population and rising multi-morbidity has shifted healthcare provision from secondary to primary care. Pharmacy-led services have been introduced to support this. link2 The development of an outcomes framework for these services would facilitate conclusions to be drawn on their effectiveness.

To identify outcomes used to evaluate pharmacy-led medication therapy and disease management services within primary care settings to develop an outcomes framework for future studies.

An umbrella literature review was conducted. link3 MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and PsycINFO were searched in June 2020 to identify relevant articles. Eligible reviews were those including studies published from 2010 onwards which reported on the outcomes of pharmacy-led medication therapy and disease management services within primary care, excluding community pharmacy settings. Data were extracted and a content analysis, guided by the ECHO model, stratified the outcomes into four areas economic, clinical, humanistic and servicrimary care pharmacy to be developed. This could help offer vital evidence on the effectiveness of these services to ensure the pharmacy workforce is working optimally to support primary care.

The findings informed the development of an outcomes framework to guide the evaluation of medication therapy and disease management services, and facilitate international standardised outcome measures within primary care pharmacy to be developed. This could help offer vital evidence on the effectiveness of these services to ensure the pharmacy workforce is working optimally to support primary care.