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In the validation session, the deep learning diagnostic model revealed sensitivity of 0.83, specificity of 0.83, positive predictive value of 0.88, negative predictive value of 0.77, and diagnostic accuracy of 0.83, while the visual assessment by two radiologists revealed 0.78, 0.5, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.67 (reader 1), and 0.56, 0.67, 0.71, 0.5, and 0.6 (reader 2), respectively. Chi square test showed a significant difference between deep learning- and radiologist-based diagnostic accuracy (reader 1 P = 0.016, reader 2 P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Deep learning diagnostic model with FDG-PET imaging data can be useful as one of supportive tools to determine the HPV status in patients with OPSCC. PURPOSE Patients with hematuria and renal colic often undergo CT scanning. The purpose of our study was to assess variations in CT protocols and radiation doses for evaluation of hematuria and urinary stones in 20 countries. METHOD The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) surveyed practices in 51 hospitals from 20 countries in the European region according to the IAEA Technical cooperation classification and obtained following information for three CT protocols (urography, urinary stones, and routine abdomen-pelvis CT) for 1276 patients patient information (weight, clinical indication), scanner information (scan vendor, scanner name, number of detector rows), scan parameters (such as number of phases, scan start and end locations, mA, kV), and radiation dose descriptors (CTDIvol, DLP). Two radiologists assessed the appropriateness of clinical indications and number of scan phases using the ESR Referral Guidelines and ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Descriptive statistics and Student's t tests were performed. RESULTS Most institutions use 3-6 phase CT urography protocols (80 %, median DLP 1793-3618 mGy.cm) which were associated with 2.4-4.9-fold higher dose compared to 2-phase protocol (20 %, 740 mGy.cm) (p  less then  0.0001). Likewise, 52 % patients underwent 3-5 phase routine abdomen- pelvis CT (1574-2945 mGy.cm) as opposed to 37 % scanned with a single-phase routine CT (676 mGy.cm). The median DLP for urinary stones CT (516 mGy.cm) were significantly lower than the median DLP for the other two CT protocols (p  less then  0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Few institutions (4/13) use low dose CT for urinary stones. There are substantial variations in CT urography and routine abdomen-pelvis CT protocols result in massive radiation doses (up to 2945-3618 mGy.cm). PURPOSE Cinematic rendering (CR), a recently launched, FDA-approved rendering technique converts CT image datasets into nearly photorealistic 3D reconstructions by using a unique lighting model. The purpose of this study was to compare CR to volume rendering technique (VRT) images in the preoperative visualization of multifragmentary intraarticular lower extremity fractures. METHOD In this retrospective study, CT datasets of 41 consecutive patients (female n = 13; male n = 28; mean age 52.3 ± 17.9y) with multifragmentary intraarticular lower extremity fractures (calcaneus n = 16; tibial pilon n = 19; acetabulum n = 6) were included. All datasets were acquired using a 128-row dual-source CT. A dedicated workstation was used to reconstruct CR and VRT images which were reviewed independently by two experienced board-certified traumatologists trained in special trauma surgery. Image quality, anatomical accuracy and fracture visualization were assessed on a 6-point-Likert-scale (1 = non-diagnostic; 6=excellent). T during interdisciplinary conferences. Long-chain fatty aldehydes are present in low concentrations in mammalian cells and serve as intermediates in the interconversion between fatty acids and fatty alcohols. The long-chain fatty aldehydes are generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-alkyl-, and 1-alkenyl-glycerophospholipids by alkylglycerol monooxygenase, plasmalogenase or lysoplasmalogenase while hydrolysis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by S1P lyase generates trans ∆2-hexadecenal (∆2-HDE). Additionally, 2-chloro-, and 2-bromo- fatty aldehydes are produced from plasmalogens or lysoplasmalogens by hypochlorous, and hypobromous acid generated by activated neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively while 2-iodofatty aldehydes are produced by excess iodine in thyroid glands. The 2-halofatty aldehydes and ∆2-HDE activated JNK signaling, BAX, cytoskeletal reorganization and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Further, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-fatty aldehydes formed GSH and protein adducts while ∆2-HDE formed adducts with GSH, deoxyguanosine in DNA and proteins such as HDAC1 in vitro. ∆2-HDE also modulated HDAC activity and stimulated H3 and H4 histone acetylation in vitro with lung epithelial cell nuclear preparations. The α-halo fatty aldehydes elicited endothelial dysfunction, cellular toxicity and tissue damage. Taken together, these investigations suggest a new role for long-chain fatty aldehydes as signaling lipids, ability to form adducts with GSH, proteins such as HDACs and regulate cellular functions. see more Eosinophils are important multifaceted effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. Following allergen challenge, eosinophils and other immune cells release secreted phospholipases, generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). LPCs are potent lipid mediators, and serum levels of LPCs associate with asthma severity, suggesting a regulatory activity of LPCs in asthma development. As of yet, the direct effects of LPCs on eosinophils remain unclear. In the present study, we tested the effects of the major LPC species (160, 180 and 181) on eosinophils isolated from healthy human donors. Addition of saturated LPCs in the presence of albumin rapidly disrupted cholesterol-rich nanodomains on eosinophil cell membranes and suppressed multiple eosinophil effector responses, such as CD11b upregulation, degranulation, chemotaxis, and downstream signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate in a mouse model of allergic cell recruitment, that LPC treatment markedly reduces immune cell infiltration into the lungs. Our observations suggest a strong modulatory activity of LPCs in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Degradation of fatty acids by the β-oxidation pathway results in the formation of acetyl-CoA which enters the TCA cycle for the production of ATP. In E. coli, the last three steps of the β-oxidation are catalyzed by two heterotetrameric α2β2 enzymes namely the aerobic trifunctional enzyme (EcTFE) and the anaerobic TFE (anEcTFE). The α-subunit of TFE has 2E-enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) and 3S-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activities whereas the β-subunit is a thiolase with 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT) activity. Recently, it has been shown that the two TFEs have complementary substrate specificities allowing for the complete degradation of long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA under aerobic conditions. Also, it has been shown that the tetrameric EcTFE and anEcTFE assemblies are similar to the TFEs of Pseudomans fragi and human, respectively. Here the properties of the EcTFE subunits are further characterized. Strikingly, it is observed that when expressed separately, EcTFE-α is a catalytically active monomer whereas EcTFE-β is inactive. However, when mixed together active EcTFE tetramer is reconstituted. The crystal structure of the EcTFE-α chain is also reported, complexed with ATP, bound in its HAD active site. Structural comparisons show that the EcTFE hydratase active site has a relatively small fatty acyl tail binding pocket when compared to other TFEs in good agreement with its preferred specificity for short chain 2E-enoyl-CoA substrates. Furthermore, it is observed that millimolar concentrations of ATP destabilize the EcTFE complex, and this may have implications for the ATP-mediated regulation of β-oxidation in E. coli. PURPOSE Septic shock is associated with massive release of endogenous catecholamines. Adrenergic agents may exacerbate catecholamine toxicity and contribute to poor outcomes. We sought to determine whether an association existed between tachycardia and mortality in septic shock patients requiring norepinephrine for more than 6 h despite adequate volume resuscitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multicentre retrospective observational study on 730 adult patients in septic shock consecutively admitted to eight European ICUs between 2011 and 2013. Three timepoints were selected T1 (first hour of infusion of norepinephrine), Tpeak (time of highest dose during the first 24 h of treatment), and T24 (24-h post-T1). Binary logistic regression models were constructed for the three time-points. RESULTS Overall ICU mortality was 38.4%. Mortality was higher in those requiring high-dose (≥0.3 mcg/kg/min) versus low-dose ( less then 0.3 mcg/kg/min) norepinephrine at T1 (53.4% vs 30.6%; p  less then  0.001) and T24 (61.4% vs 20.4%; p  less then  0.0001). Patients requiring high-dose with concurrent tachycardia had higher mortality at T1; in the low-dose group tachycardia was not associated with mortality. Resolving tachycardia (from T1 to T24) was associated with lower mortality compared to patients where tachycardia persisted (27.8% vs 46.4%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Use of high-dose norepinephrine and concurrent tachycardia are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock. The tendency to engage in addictive behaviors has long been tied to the actions of the dopamine system. Early theories were based on the fact that all addictive drugs and behaviors (such as gambling) increase dopamine levels in the striatum, and the evidence that dopamine signaled reward or reward prediction error. However, with a changing emphasis of addiction away from purely pharmacological models that emphasize tolerance and withdrawal, towards one of behavioral dyscontrol, is there still a place for abnormal dopamine signaling in addiction? Here we recast the dopamine theory of addiction based on the idea that tonic dopamine may index a continuous phenotype that goes from apathy to impulsivity and compulsivity. Higher tonic dopamine signaling would make individuals vulnerable to drug reinforcement and cue-induced craving. We relate this to computational models of dopamine signaling, and review clinical and neuroimaging evidence from Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in support of this model. S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) might be peripheral markers reflecting glia and neuronal abnormalities in subjects with bipolar disorder. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching for studies indexed in main electronic databases, to clarify whether S100B and NSE blood levels might be increased in bipolar disorder. Eleven studies met eligibility criteria, with data on S100B levels and/or NSE levels in subjects with bipolar disorder and healthy controls, respectively. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated higher levels of S100B in bipolar disorder (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.81; p  less then  .001), with some inconsistency across studies (I2 = 81.7%). Findings were confirmed by relevant sensitivity analyses. Meta-regression analyses did not estimate any effect for tested covariates. On the other hand, no differences in NSE levels between individuals with bipolar disorder and healthy controls were estimated (SMD = -0.32; p = .374), with high heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 89.