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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS People who use substances have a high prevalence of modifiable chronic disease health risk behaviours. Preventive care to address such risks has not traditionally been provided during substance use treatment. This study aimed to assess clinicians' attitudes towards preventive care and their association with care provision. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study utilising computer-assisted telephone interviews was undertaken with clinicians (n = 54) of community-based substance use treatment services in one health district, Australia. Clinicians indicated their agreement with 10 attitudinal statements regarding their perceived role and self-efficacy in providing preventive care and perceptions of client interest in modifying behaviours. Logistic regression analyses examined the association between clinician attitudinal items and self-reported care provision. RESULTS Fifty-four clinicians (74%) agreed to participate. The most positive attitudes were preventive care being part of their role (100%), and they have the knowledge and skills to provide preventive care (100%). The least favourable attitude was clients were interested in changing their health risk behaviours (60%). Clinicians who reported that preventive care left little time to undertake acute care were more likely to assess for smoking (OR 8.06 [95% CI 1.31, 49.46]) and less likely to provide brief advice for all risks combined (OR 0.11 [95% CI 0.02, 0.63]). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, clinicians reported positive attitudes regarding the preventive care provision for modifiable health risk behaviours in substance use treatment settings. Further research is required to investigate why, despite such positive attitudes, clinicians in substance use treatment settings do not routinely provide preventive care. © 2020 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recreational cannabis has been legalized in 11 states and District of Columbia (DC) in the United States. Among these, 10 states further permitted retail sale to provide a legal supply to adults. This study examined the associations of cannabis exposures with recreational cannabis legalization and commercialization. DESIGN Secondary data analysis of state-quarter level cannabis exposures during 2010-17 in the United States. Linear regressions with a difference-in-differences design were used to compare pre- and post-legalization trends in states that legalized recreational cannabis to contemporaneous trends in states that did not legalize recreational cannabis. SETTING United States, including all 50 states and DC. CASES Cannabis exposures reported to the US National Poison Data System. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was state age-adjusted cannabis exposures reported to the US National Poison Data System per 1 000 000 population per quarter. The two policy variables of interest included res with medical consequences than those without medical consequences (4.09-4.79 versus 0.97-1.01 more exposures). CONCLUSION An increase in cannabis exposures reported to the US National Poison Data System was observed following recreational cannabis commercialization in the United States. © 2020 Society for the Study of Addiction.Superatoms have been investigated due to their possible substitution for other elements. The solution-phase synthesis of superatoms has attracted attention to realize the availability of superatoms. However, the previous approach is basically limited to the formation of a single cluster. Here, superatoms are investigated and the number of valence electrons in these superatoms is changed by designing the number of gallium atoms present. Based on the dendrimer template method, clusters consisting of 3, 12, 13, and other numbers of atoms have been synthesized. The halogen-like superatomic nature of Ga13 is structurally and electrochemically observed as completely different to the other clusters. The gallium clusters of 13 and 3 atoms, which can fill the 2P and 1P superatomic orbitals, respectively, exhibit different reactivities. The 3-atom gallium cluster is suggested as being reduced to Ga3 H2 - due to the lower shift of energy levels in the unoccupied orbitals. The results for these gallium clusters provide candidates for superatoms. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND Older adults are at an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) because of aging, multiple comorbidities, and polypharmacy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this case-crossover study was to apply association rule (AR) analysis to ascertain drug combinations contributing to the risk of AKI in adults aged 65 years and older. METHODS We sourced a nationwide representative sample of New Zealanders aged ≥65 years from the pharmaceutical collections and hospital discharge information. Prescription records (2005-2015) of drugs of interest were sourced from New Zealand pharmaceutical collections (Pharms). We classified medication exposure, as a binary variable, at individual drug level belonging to medication classes including antimicrobials, antihistamines, diuretics, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Several studies have associated the drugs of interest from these medication classes with AKI in older adults. We extracted the first-time coded diagnosis of AKI from the National Minimal Data Set.IONS We applied ARs, a novel methodology, to big data to ascertain drug combinations associated with AKI. ARs uncovered previously implicated medication classes that increase the risk of AKI in older adults. The finding that ondansetron increases the risk of AKI requires further investigation. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Liquid absorption and recycling play a crucial role in many industrial and environmental applications, such as oil spill cleanup and recovery, hemostasis, astronauts' urine recycling, and so on. Although many liquid absorbing materials have been developed, it still remains a grand challenge to achieve both fast absorption and efficient recycling in a cost-effective and energy-saving manner, especially for viscous liquids such as crude oil. A smart polyurethane-based porous sponge with aligned channel structure is prepared by directional freezing. Compared to common sponges with random porous structure, the as-prepared smart sponge has larger liquid absorption speed due to its lower tortuosity and stronger capillary ("tortuosity effect"). More importantly, the absorbed liquid can be remotely squeezed out due to a thermally responsive shape memory effect when the sponge is heated up. Such smart sponges with well-defined porous structure and thermal responsive self-squeezing capability have great potential in efficient liquid absorption and recycling. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Hypoglycemic coma causes neuronal death in the cerebral neocortex; however, its unclear pathogenesis prevents the establishment of preventive measures. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in neuronal damage in the hypoglycemic state; however, the dynamics of glial cell activation or cytokine expression remain unknown. Oxaliplatin Here, we aimed to elucidate the spatiotemporal morphological changes of microglia and time-course cytokine expression profiles in the rat cerebral cortex after hypoglycemic coma. We performed histopathological and immunohistochemical (Iba1, neuronal nuclei, glial fibrillary acidic protein) analyses in the cingulate cortex and four areas of the neocortex hindlimb area (HL), parietal cortex area 1 (Par1), parietal cortex area 2 (Par2), and perirhinal cortex (PRh). We measured tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Necrotic neurons appeared in the neocortex as early as 3 h after hypoglycemic coma, while they were absent in the cingulate cortex. Neuronal nuclei-immunopositive neurons in the HL, Par2, and PRh were significantly less abundant than in the control at day 1. In Iba1 immunostaining, large rod-shaped cells were detected at 3-6 h after hypoglycemia, and commonly observed in the HL, Par2, and PRh. After 6 h, rod-shaped cells were rarely observed; instead, there was a prominent infiltration of hypertrophic and ameboid-shaped cells until day 7. The mRNA expression of TNFα was significantly higher than the control at 3-6 h after hypoglycemia in the neocortex, while it was significantly higher only at 3 h in the cingulate cortex. Our results indicate that early and transient appearance of rod-shaped microglia and persisting high TNFα expression levels characterize inflammatory responses to hypoglycemic neuronal damage in the cerebral neocortex, which might contribute to neuronal necrosis in response to transient hypoglycemic coma. © 2020 Japanese Society of Neuropathology.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive impairment occurs frequently in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the prevalence and clinical characteristics of cognitive MS phenotype are not well established. The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical course and neurocognitive impairment of patients with MS meeting an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)-defined cognitive phenotype. METHODS A total of 2302 patients from the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis at Brigham and Women's Hospital (CLIMB) study were studied. Predominant cognitive MS phenotype was defined as EDSS Cerebral Functional System (FS) subscore ≥3 and remaining EDSS FS subscores ≤2 on at least one clinical visit. Demographic/clinical characteristics, phenotype stability and neurocognitive domain impairment of these subjects were assessed. RESULTS A total of 60 of 2302 (2.6%) patients (age 52.8 ± 10.8 years, 68% female, 82% relapsing MS) met criteria for phenotype designation. A total of 29 of 60 (48%) were designatgnitive status. © 2020 European Academy of Neurology.Asthma affects 300 million people across all age-groups and ethnicities and is the most common chronic condition affecting children. In the UK, the health care costs associated with asthma are estimated at £1.1 billion, however this amount typically excludes some societal costs (e.g. absence from work to care for children). The total number of days missed from school in England in the 2017/18 academic year was 59.1 million of which 54.7% were due to illness although the reasons for those illness-related absences are unknown. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Integration of various photodetectors with different light-sensitive materials and detection capacity is an inevitable way to achieve entire color/spectrum detection. However, the uneven capacity of each photodetector would drag the overall performance behind, especially the response speed. A response time down to nanosecond level has not previously been reported for a filter-free color/spectrum-sensitive photodetector, as far as is known. Here, a self-powered filterless color-sensitive photodetection array based on an in situ formed gradient perovskite absorber film with continuously tunable bandgap is demonstrated. Ultrahigh-speed response at nanosecond level is achieved in all the ingredient photodetectors. The junction capacitance being influenced by carrier concentration in the absorber is identified to be responsible for the detection speed. Without any optic or mechanical supporting system, the designed color detector exhibits an external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 94% and a high spectral resolution of around 80 nm for the whole visible spectrum.