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2, p  less then  .05). Logistic regression models identified the practice of breeding both poultry and pigs at the BPS as a risk factor (95% CI 1.06-3.75). From 75 IAV ELISA-positive sera, 20 chicken sera had haemagglutination inhibition titres ranging from 20 to 160, and of these, 11 had microneutralization titres ranging from 40 to 960 for one or more IAV subtypes. Identified subtypes were H1, H3, H4, H9, H10 and H12. Results from this study highlight the need for further IAV surveillance programmes in BPS in Chile. Early detection of IAV strains circulating in backyard animals, especially in regions with large human populations, could have an enormous impact on animal and public health. © 2020 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.It has been suggested that biogeographic historical legacies in plant diversity may influence ecosystem functioning. This is expected because of known diversity effects on ecosystem functions, and impacts of historical events such as past climatic changes on plant diversity. However, empirical evidence for a link between biogeographic history and present-day ecosystem functioning is still limited. Here, we explored the relationships between Late-Quaternary climate instability, species-pool size, local species and functional diversity, and the net primary productivity (NPP) of Northern Hemisphere forests using structural equation modelling. Our study confirms that past climate instability has negative effects on plant functional diversity and through that on NPP, after controlling for present-day climate, soil conditions, stand biomass and age. We conclude that global models of terrestrial plant productivity need to consider the biogeographical context to improve predictions of plant productivity and feedbacks with the climate system. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.INTRODUCTION Daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is associated with a small but statistically significant decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We assessed the renal safety of on-demand PrEP with TDF/FTC in HIV-1 uninfected men. METHODS We used data from the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ANRS-IPERGAY trial and its open-label extension conducted between February 2012 and June 2016 among HIV-uninfected MSM starting on-demand PrEP. Using linear mixed model, we evaluated the mean eGFR decline from baseline over time and determined risks factors associated with eGFR decline during the study. RESULTS During the blind phase, with a median follow-up of 9.4 months, the mean decline slope of eGFR from baseline was -0.88 and -1.53 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year in the placebo (n = 201) and the TDF/FTC group (n = 198) respectively, with a slope difference of 0.65 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (p = 0.27). Including both phases, 389 participants started on-demand TDF/FTC with a median follow-up of 19.2 months and a mean decline of eGFR from baseline of -1.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (p 40 ng/mL -1.82 mL/min/1.73 m2 , p  less then  0.001). Three participants discontinued TDF/FTC for eGFR  less then  60 mL/min/1.73 m2 during the OLE phase. No case of Fanconi syndrome was reported. CONCLUSIONS The renal safety of on-demand PrEP with TDF/FTC was good. The overall reduction and intermittent exposure to TDF/FTC may explain this good renal safety. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.OBJECTIVE This study determined whether striatal dopamine (DA) release is affected by food ingestion and whether the DA response to high-calorie food images is greater in the fasted than in the fed state in people with obesity. METHODS Striatal DA release was evaluated in 10 people with obesity and prediabetes after consuming a meal to satiation and after fasting overnight as well as in response to viewing images of high-calorie compared with low-calorie foods after consuming a meal to satiation or fasting overnight by using positron emission tomography with [11 C]raclopride injection. BAY 11-7821 RESULTS Striatal DA D2/D3 receptor availability was not different during fasted and fed conditions. Viewing images of high-calorie foods induced striatal DA release relative to viewing images of low-calorie foods (P  less then  0.05), but there was no difference in the magnitude of the response between fasting and fed conditions. CONCLUSIONS People with obesity and prediabetes do not increase striatal DA release after eating a meal to satiation compared with fasting overnight and fail to inhibit DA release in response to high-calorie food stimuli after eating a meal to satiation. These data suggest that impaired DA signaling contributes to greater energy intake during meals in this population. © 2020 The Obesity Society.Most of the classical theory on species coexistence has been based on species-level competitive trade-offs. However, it is becoming apparent that plant species display high levels of trait plasticity. The implications of this plasticity are almost completely unknown for most coexistence theory. Here, we model a competition-colonisation trade-off and incorporate trait plasticity to evaluate its effects on coexistence. Our simulations show that the classic competition-colonisation trade-off is highly sensitive to environmental circumstances, and coexistence only occurs in narrow ranges of conditions. The inclusion of plasticity, which allows shifts in competitive hierarchies across the landscape, leads to coexistence across a much broader range of competitive and environmental conditions including disturbance levels, the magnitude of competitive differences between species, and landscape spatial patterning. Plasticity also increases the number of species that persist in simulations of multispecies assemblages. Plasticity may generally increase the robustness of coexistence mechanisms and be an important component of scaling coexistence theory to higher diversity communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.