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Buprenorphine is a highly effective, office-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but affordable access to it remains challenging despite initial government investment in its development. We aimed to estimate the public sector's contribution to the development of buprenorphine for OUD.

We researched buprenorphine's timeline of development as an OUD treatment to identify key terms (e.g., authors of pivotal studies, labeled indication). We then conducted a PubMed search for each key term. We extracted article identification numbers and linked them to federal funding through the NIH RePORTER. We reviewed the title, investigator, and organization of each award distributed up to and including 2002 and classified awards as "highly related," "possibly related," or neither. this website Amounts of related awards were converted to 2019 US dollars.

Over the course of nearly four decades, the active ingredient in buprenorphine was synthesized by a pharmaceutical manufacturer, but it was developed for OUD primarily by investigators in government and academic centers, including a formal government-industry partnership for commercialization. We identified 29 key terms related to its development as an OUD treatment that linked to 7060 NIH awards. Among these awards, 40 were "highly related" ($39.9 million) and 20 were "possibly related" ($22.4 million).

An estimated $62.3 million in NIH awards to institutions and investigators supported the development of buprenorphine as a treatment for OUD. Despite this investment by the public sector, buprenorphine remains expensive, which limits access to this important treatment.

An estimated $62.3 million in NIH awards to institutions and investigators supported the development of buprenorphine as a treatment for OUD. Despite this investment by the public sector, buprenorphine remains expensive, which limits access to this important treatment.

Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased recently; however, little is known about trends in use of specific devices by youth. This study aims to 1) compare rates of e-cigarette device use over time, 2) examine changes in frequency of device use, and 3) identify predictors of device use.

Cross-sectional surveys were distributed school-wide across 4 diverse Connecticut high-schools in 2017, 2018, 2019 and assessed current (i.e., past-30-day) use of various e-cigarette devices disposables/cig-a-likes, vape pens, mods, JUULs, and other rechargeable pod devices (added in 2018 and 2019). Analyses compared rates of device use and frequency (i.e., number of days used in past 30) over time. Multivariable logistic regression models examined demographic and tobacco use characteristics (e.g., age first trying e-cigarettes) as predictors of current use of each device type in 2019.

From 2017-2019, rates of using JUUL, disposables/cig-a-likes, and vape pens increased significantly, while use of mods and other pod devices decreased (ps<.001). Over 59 % of youth reported using more than one e-cigarette device in 2019. Over time, more youth were frequent users (using ≥20 out of 30 days) of disposable/cig-a-likes (32 % to >46 %) and JUUL (28 % to >35 %) devices. In multivariable models, first trying e-cigarettes at a younger age was associated with current use of disposable/cig-a-like, vape pens, mods, and other rechargeable pod devices.

From 2017-2019, JUUL, disposable/cig-a-like, and vape pens increased in popularity and were used frequently. Tobacco regulations designed to reduce youth use should consider various device types.

From 2017-2019, JUUL, disposable/cig-a-like, and vape pens increased in popularity and were used frequently. Tobacco regulations designed to reduce youth use should consider various device types.

Although the ability of β-D-glucan and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) to modulate immune responses has been studied in human primary cells, their effect on sterile inflammation models such as necrotizing pancreatitis has never been investigated.

85 male New Zealand rabbits were assigned into following groups A control, B pretreatment with β-D-glucan 3d before pancreatitis, C pretreatment with MPLA 3d before pancreatitis, D pretreatment with β-D-glucan and laminarin 3d before pancreatitis, E treatment with β-D-glucan 1d after pancreatitis, and F MPLA 1d after pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced by sodium taurocholate injection into the pancreatic duct and parenchyma. Survival was recorded for 21d. On days 1, 3, and 7, blood was collected for amylase measurement. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated for tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 10 production. Pancreatic necrosis and tissue bacterial load were assessed.

21-d survival was prolonged after pretreatment or treatment with β-D-glucan; this benefit was lost with laminarin administration. At sacrifice, pancreatic inflammatory alterations were more prominent in the control group. Bacterial load was lower after pretreatment or treatment with β-D-glucan and MPLA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha production from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased, whereas interleukin 10 production remained unaltered after pretreatment or treatment with β-D- glucan.

β-D-glucan reduces mortality of experimental pancreatitis invivo. This is mediated through attenuation of cytokine production and prevention of bacterial translocation.

β-D-glucan reduces mortality of experimental pancreatitis in vivo. This is mediated through attenuation of cytokine production and prevention of bacterial translocation.

The management of clinically node-positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has progressed with the potential to avoid the morbidity of axillary lymph node dissection in patients with complete response to therapy. This study addresses the impact of pretreatment nodal burden and tumor subtype on axillary pathologic complete response (AXpCR) in patients treated with NAC to better inform axillary surgical management.

A prospective database was reviewed to identify clinically node-positive patients who underwent NAC followed by axillary lymph node dissection. Patients were stratified in accordance with abnormal nodal burden on pretreatment axillary imaging defined as low (1-2 nodes) or high (≥3 nodes), and biologic subtype defined by hormone receptor (HR+, HR-) and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) status. The primary outcome was AXpCR.

AXpCR was 43% in the study population. There was no difference in AXpCR between low and high nodal burden groups (44% versus 42%, P=0.87). Subtype correlated to AXpCR (P<0.