Perezhughes9749
0; 95%CI, 1.5-2.6) while a remote history of depression was not (HR = 1.0; 95%CI, 0.7-1.5). After stratification by sex, recent depression was an independent predictor in females (HR = 2.3; 95%CI, 1.7-3.1) but not in males (HR = 1.4; 95%CI, 0.8-2.6). No interaction between recent depression and sex was observed.
Only a recent history of depression was associated with higher risk of AD. This association was significant among women only, but was not moderated by sex. Future analyses should determine if these findings extend to other populations and may be explained by variable distribution of neurobiological or other modifiable risk factors between the sexes.
Only a recent history of depression was associated with higher risk of AD. This association was significant among women only, but was not moderated by sex. Future analyses should determine if these findings extend to other populations and may be explained by variable distribution of neurobiological or other modifiable risk factors between the sexes.
The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease include intraneuronal Lewy bodies, neuronal loss, and gliosis. We aim to correlate Parkinson's disease neuropsychiatric symptoms, (e.g., depression, psychosis, and anxiety) with the severity of neuropathology in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus.
The brains of 175 participants with a primary pathologic diagnosis of Parkinson's disease were analyzed semi-quantitatively to ascertain the burden of neuronal loss and gliosis and Lewy body pathology within the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Participants' history of anxiety, depression, and psychosis were determined using a chart-extracted medical history or record of formal psychiatric evaluation.
Of the sample, 56% (n = 98), 50% (n = 88), and 31.25% (n = 55) of subjects had a diagnosis of psychosis, depression, and anxiety, respectively. Psychosis (χ
= 7.1, p = 0.008, df = 1) and depression (χ
= 7.2, p = 0.007, df = 1) were associated with severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra but not in the locus coeruleus. No association was observed between anxiety and neuronal loss and gliosis in either region. No neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with Lewy body score. After controlling for disease duration and dementia, psychosis (odds ratio [OR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-6.4, χ
= 9.4, p = 0.012, df = 1) and depression (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.0, χ
= 7.9, p = 0.005, df = 1) remained associated with severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra.
These results suggest that psychosis and depression in Parkinson's disease are associated with the underlying neurodegenerative process and demonstrate that cell loss and gliosis may be a better marker of neuropsychiatric symptoms than Lewy body pathology.
These results suggest that psychosis and depression in Parkinson's disease are associated with the underlying neurodegenerative process and demonstrate that cell loss and gliosis may be a better marker of neuropsychiatric symptoms than Lewy body pathology.Phase separation has emerged as a new key principle of intracellular organization. Phase-separated structures play diverse roles in various biological processes and pathogenesis of protein aggregation diseases. Recent work has revealed crucial functions for phase separation during germline development. Phase separation controls the assembly and segregation of germ granules that determine which embryonic cells become germ cells. Phase separation promotes the formation of the Balbiani body, a structure that stores organelles and RNAs during the prolonged prophase arrest of oocytes. Phase separation also facilitates meiotic recombination that prepares homologous chromosomes for segregation, and drives the formation of a liquid-like spindle domain that promotes spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes. We review how phase separation drives these essential steps during germline development.
The vocal tract discomfort scale is a self-rating seven-point Likert scale that quantifies frequency and severity of eight qualitative descriptors including burning, tight, dry, aching, tickling, sore, irritable, and lump in the throat, and ranges from 0 (never/none) to 6 (always/extreme; Mathieson et al. 2009). The objectives of the current study were to compare the vocal tract discomfort scale results between elementary school teachers and high school teachers and between male and female teachers using the Persian vocal tract discomfort scale. Also, teachers in different age ranges and with different experiences were compared regarding vocal tract discomfort symptoms.
The researchers chose 20 elementary and high schools by simple random sampling in Khorramabad, Iran. The survey was given to available teachers of the selected schools. Considering the inclusion criteria, required sample size, and after excluding questionnaires that were not correctly answered, 120 were selected such that 30 were chosen fo (tightness) and 68% (dryness) of the participants, it is suggested that an educational program regarding vocal tract discomfort may be helpful for this profession.Inhaled airborne stimuli are associated with laryngeal disorders affecting respiration. Clinically, several themes emerged from the literature that point to specific gaps in the understanding and management of these disorders. There is wide variation in the types of airborne stimuli that trigger symptoms, lack of standardization in provocation challenge testing using airborne stimuli, and vague reporting of laryngeal symptoms. Scientifically, evidence exists outside the field of voice science that could prove useful to implement among patients with impaired laryngeal-respiration. To expand this area of expertise, here we provide a thematic overview of relevant evidence and methodological tools from the discipline of chemosensory sciences. This review provides distinctions across the three chemosensory systems of olfaction, trigeminal chemesthesis, and gustation, guidance on selecting and delivering common chemosensory stimuli for clinical testing, and methods of quantifying sensory experiences using principles of human psychophysics. Investigating the science of chemosensation reveals that laryngeal responses to inhaled airborne stimuli have explanations involving physiological mechanisms as well as higher cognitive processing. Fortunately, these findings are consistent with current pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for impaired laryngeal-respiration. Based on the close relationships among inhaled airborne stimuli, respiration, and laryngeal function, we propose that new perspectives from chemosensory sciences offer opportunities to improve patient care and target areas of future research.
Vocal registers and the frequency region where registration events occur, the passaggio, have been in focus of scientific research for almost 200 years. In professional tenors, it has been shown before that singing across the passaggio avoiding a register shift and therefore using their stage voice above the passaggio (SVaP) is associated with greater vocal stability than a register change to the falsetto. However, it is unclarified how much different loudness conditions contribute to this vocal stability.
Six professional tenors were asked to perform four pitch glides from A3 to A4 (220-440 Hz) on the vowel [i]. These glides included (1) the passaggio from modal register to falsetto. The following glides into SVaP were performed under different loudness conditions, (2) mezzoforte (average loudness), (3) pianissimo (as quietly as possible), and (4) fortissimo (the loudest possible). During phonation, high speed videoendoscopy (HSV), electroglottography, and audio signals were recorded simultaneously. The glottal area waveform was derived based on the HSV material.
Modal to falsetto transitions were associated with relatively low sound pressure level and rise of open quotients (OQ) for the falsetto. Transitions to SVaP showed a clear dependence on the intended loudness. The OQs were lower the louder the task was. There was no clear evidence that transitions with softer voice showed greater stability of vocal fold oscillation patterns than louder tasks.
The vocal fold oscillation pattern show- differences among various loudness conditions within the tenors' passaggio but no clear differences with regard to oscillatory stability.
The vocal fold oscillation pattern show- differences among various loudness conditions within the tenors' passaggio but no clear differences with regard to oscillatory stability.
Speech fundamental frequency (SFF) assessment is essential for all dysphonia patients to effectively evaluate the therapeutic effects of voice therapy, especially in patients with disturbances in their voice pitch due to mutational dysphonia, Reinke's edema, or as side effects of hormone therapy. A standard method of SFF measurement remains unknown. Speech tasks such as sustained vowel phonation, counting, reading passage, and spontaneous speech have generally been used for SFF measurements. Ideally, spontaneous speech best reflects SFF; however, this task has not yet been clearly defined and is limited with regard to its adaptation to a clinical setting. Sodiumdichloroacetate A reliable task for SFF measurement in Japanese, which corresponds to a speech task that most closely reflects the value that would be observed with typical spontaneous speech, has not been investigated. This study aimed to identify a reliable speech task by measuring the SFF values elicited by different widely used speech tasks in Japanese, and assess itsch in both males and females. The highest R
for spontaneous speech was that of reading passage in both males (R
=0.771) and females (R
=0.806) (P < 0.01).
When spontaneous speech was presented as a task most reflective of daily conversation, reading passage was determined to be the reliable task to assess the therapeutic effect of voice therapy in Japanese.
When spontaneous speech was presented as a task most reflective of daily conversation, reading passage was determined to be the reliable task to assess the therapeutic effect of voice therapy in Japanese.
To examine the efficacy of "slow" signs and patroller presence at "slow" signs to reduce speeds of snowsports participants, compared to a condition where no sign or patroller are present, independent of other factors that may contribute to skier slowing (such as prior knowledge, trail convergence, etc.).
Snowsports participant speeds were measured on "more difficult" trails using a radar gun at two ski areas with (1) no-sign - the usual condition for the trail, and (2) slow-sign - a large "slow" sign was posted in the middle of the trail. At one ski area, a third condition was also tested (3) slow+patroller - a ski patroller stood at the slow sign. Participant equipment type and estimated ability were also recorded.
At one ski area, there was no significant difference in speed between conditions. At the second ski area, the differences in mean (SD) speeds were small but significant for the no-sign, slow-sign, and slow+patroller conditions 10.9 (3.0), 10.3 (2.9), and 9.8 (2.6)m/s. Effects were driven by non-beginner skiers; on average, beginner skiers and all snowboarders were slower than non-beginner skiers and did not adjust their speed in response to the signage conditions.
