Odgaardharrell6177

Crop residue burning contributes to poor air quality and imposes a health burden on India. Despite government bans and other interventions, this practice remains widespread. Here we estimate the impact of changes in agricultural emissions on air quality across India and quantify the potential benefit of district-level actions using an adjoint modeling approach. From 2003 to 2019, we find that agricultural residue burning caused 44,000-98,000 particulate matter exposure-related premature deaths annually, of which Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh contribute 67-90%. LY2090314 manufacturer Due to a combination of relatively high downwind population density, agricultural output, and cultivation of residue-intensive crops, six districts in Punjab alone contribute to 40% of India-wide annual air quality impacts from residue burning. Burning two hours earlier in Punjab alone could avert premature deaths up to 9600 (95% CI 8000-11,000) each year, valued at 3.2 (95% CI 0.49-7.3) billion US dollars. Our findings support the use of targeted and potentially low-cost interventions to mitigate crop residue burning in India, pending further research regarding cost-effectiveness and feasibility.The success of common wheat as a global staple crop was largely attributed to its genomic diversity and redundancy due to the merge of different genomes, giving rise to the major question how subgenome-divergent and -convergent transcription is mediated and harmonized in a single cell. Here, we create a catalog of genome-wide transcription factor-binding sites (TFBSs) to assemble a common wheat regulatory network on an unprecedented scale. A significant proportion of subgenome-divergent TFBSs are derived from differential expansions of particular transposable elements (TEs) in diploid progenitors, which contribute to subgenome-divergent transcription. Whereas subgenome-convergent transcription is associated with balanced TF binding at loci derived from TE expansions before diploid divergence. These TFBSs have retained in parallel during evolution of each diploid, despite extensive unbalanced turnover of the flanking TEs. Thus, the differential evolutionary selection of paleo- and neo-TEs contribute to subgenome-convergent and -divergent regulation in common wheat, highlighting the influence of TE repertory plasticity on transcriptional plasticity in polyploid.Species interactions can propagate disturbances across space via direct and indirect effects, potentially connecting species at a global scale. However, ecological and biogeographic boundaries may mitigate this spread by demarcating the limits of ecological networks. We tested whether large-scale ecological boundaries (ecoregions and biomes) and human disturbance gradients increase dissimilarity among plant-frugivore networks, while accounting for background spatial and elevational gradients and differences in network sampling. We assessed network dissimilarity patterns over a broad spatial scale, using 196 quantitative avian frugivory networks (encompassing 1496 plant and 1004 bird species) distributed across 67 ecoregions, 11 biomes, and 6 continents. We show that dissimilarities in species and interaction composition, but not network structure, are greater across ecoregion and biome boundaries and along different levels of human disturbance. Our findings indicate that biogeographic boundaries delineate the world's biodiversity of interactions and likely contribute to mitigating the propagation of disturbances at large spatial scales.The ErbB4 receptor isoforms JM-a and JM-b differ within their extracellular juxtamembrane (eJM) domains. Here, ErbB4 isoforms are used as a model to address the effect of structural variation in the eJM domain of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) on downstream signaling. A specific JM-a-like sequence motif is discovered, and its presence or absence (in JM-b-like RTKs) in the eJM domains of several RTKs is demonstrated to dictate selective STAT activation. STAT5a activation by RTKs including the JM-a like motif is shown to involve interaction with oligosaccharides of N-glycosylated cell surface proteins such as β1 integrin, whereas STAT5b activation by JM-b is dependent on TYK2. ErbB4 JM-a- and JM-b-like RTKs are shown to associate with specific signaling complexes at different cell surface compartments using analyses of RTK interactomes and super-resolution imaging. These findings provide evidence for a conserved mechanism linking a ubiquitous extracellular motif in RTKs with selective intracellular STAT signaling.Achieving the Paris Agreement will require massive deployment of low-carbon energy. However, constructing, operating, and maintaining a low-carbon energy system will itself require energy, with much of it derived from fossil fuels. This raises the concern that the transition may consume much of the energy available to society, and be a source of considerable emissions. Here we calculate the energy requirements and emissions associated with the global energy system in fourteen mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5 °C of warming. We find that the initial push for a transition is likely to cause a 10-34% decline in net energy available to society. Moreover, we find that the carbon emissions associated with the transition to a low-carbon energy system are substantial, ranging from 70 to 395 GtCO2 (with a cross-scenario average of 195 GtCO2). The share of carbon emissions for the energy system will increase from 10% today to 27% in 2050, and in some cases may take up all remaining emissions available to society under 1.5 °C pathways.Nanofabrication research pursues the miniaturization of patterned feature size. In the current state of the art, micron scale areas can be patterned with features down to ~30 nm pitch using electron beam lithography. Here, we demonstrate a nanofabrication technique which allows patterning periodic structures with a pitch down to 16 nm. It is based on focused ion beam milling of suspended membranes, with minimal proximity effects typical to standard electron beam lithography. The membranes are then transferred and used as hard etching masks. We benchmark our technique by electrostatically inducing a superlattice potential in graphene and observe bandstructure modification in electronic transport. Our technique opens the path towards the realization of very short period superlattices in 2D materials, but with the ability to control lattice symmetries and strength. This can pave the way for a versatile solid-state quantum simulator platform and the study of correlated electron phases.Data on safety and immunity elicited by a third booster dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in children and adolescents are scarce. Here we conducted a study based on a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial (NCT04551547) to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose of CoronaVac. In this study, 384 participants in the vaccine group were assigned to two cohorts. One received the third dose at a 10-months interval (cohort 1) and the other one at a 12-months interval (cohort 2). The primary endpoint is safety and immunogenicity following a third dose of CoronaVac. The secondary endpoint is antibody persistence following the primary two-dose schedule. Severities of local and systemic adverse reactions reported within 28 days after dose 3 were mild and moderate in both cohorts. A third dose of CoronaVac increased GMTs to 681.0 (95%CI 545.2-850.7) in cohort 1 and 745.2 (95%CI 577.0-962.3) in cohort 2. Seropositivity rates against the prototype were 100% on day 28 after dose 3. Seropositivity rates against the Omicron variant were 90.6% (cohort 1) and 91.5% (cohort 2). A homologous booster dose of CoronaVac is safe and induces a significant neutralising antibody levels increase in children and adolescents.The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates highlights the urgent need to develop more antibiotics. ClpP is a highly conserved protease regulated by ATPases in bacteria and in mitochondria. Aberrant activation of bacterial ClpP is an alternative method of discovering antibiotics, while it remains difficult to develop selective Staphylococcus aureus ClpP activators that can avoid disturbing Homo sapiens ClpP functions. Here, we use a structure-based design to identify (R)- and (S)-ZG197 as highly selective Staphylococcus aureus ClpP activators. The key structural elements in Homo sapiens ClpP, particularly W146 and its joint action with the C-terminal motif, significantly contribute to the discrimination of the activators. Our selective activators display wide antibiotic properties towards an array of multidrug-resistant staphylococcal strains in vitro, and demonstrate promising antibiotic efficacy in zebrafish and murine skin infection models. Our findings indicate that the species-specific activators of Staphylococcus aureus ClpP are exciting therapeutic agents to treat staphylococcal infections.Graphene quantum Hall effect (QHE) resistance standards have the potential to provide superior realizations of three key units in the new International System of Units (SI) the ohm, the ampere, and the kilogram (Kibble Balance). However, these prospects require different resistance values than practically achievable in single graphene devices (~12.9 kΩ), and they need bias currents two orders of magnitude higher than typical breakdown currents IC ~ 100 μA. Here we present experiments on quantization accuracy of a 236-element quantum Hall array (QHA), demonstrating RK/236 ≈ 109 Ω with 0.2 part-per-billion (nΩ/Ω) accuracy with IC ≥ 5 mA (~1 nΩ/Ω accuracy for IC = 8.5 mA), using epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (epigraphene). The array accuracy, comparable to the most precise universality tests of QHE, together with the scalability and reliability of this approach, pave the road for wider use of graphene in the new SI and beyond.SARS-CoV-2 infection, and resulting disease, COVID-19, has a high mortality amongst patients with haematological malignancies. Global vaccine rollouts have reduced hospitalisations and deaths, but vaccine efficacy in patients with haematological malignancies is known to be reduced. The UK-strategy offered a third, mRNA-based, vaccine as an extension to the primary course in these patients. The MARCH database is a retrospective observational study of serological responses in patients with blood disorders. Here we present data on 381 patients with haematological malignancies. By comparison with healthy controls, we report suboptimal responses following two primary vaccines, with significantly enhanced responses following the third primary dose. These responses however are heterogeneous and determined by haematological malignancy sub-type and therapy. We identify a group of patients with continued suboptimal vaccine responses who may benefit from additional doses, prophylactic extended half-life neutralising monoclonal therapies (nMAB) or prompt nMAB treatment in the event of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Bacterial cell shape is generally determined through an interplay between the peptidoglycan cell wall and cytoplasmic filaments made of polymerized MreB. Indeed, some bacteria (e.g., Mycoplasma) that lack both a cell wall and mreB genes consist of non-motile cells that are spherical or pleomorphic. However, other members of the same class Mollicutes (e.g., Spiroplasma, also lacking a cell wall) display a helical cell shape and kink-based motility, which is thought to rely on the presence of five MreB isoforms and a specific fibril protein. Here, we show that heterologous expression of Spiroplasma fibril and MreB proteins confers helical shape and kinking ability to Mycoplasma capricolum cells. Isoform MreB5 is sufficient to confer helicity and kink propagation to mycoplasma cells. Cryoelectron microscopy confirms the association of cytoplasmic MreB filaments with the plasma membrane, suggesting a direct effect on membrane curvature. However, in our experiments, the heterologous expression of MreBs and fibril did not result in efficient motility in culture broth, indicating that additional, unknown Spiroplasma components are required for swimming.