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026; Hazard ratio=0.67; 95%CI 0.46-0.95). The DSSH group was also associated with higher tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load, immune-activated cell patterns, and immune-related gene expression levels. The GSEA results indicated an immune activation state in DSSH group, which correlated with a down-regulation in the transforming growth factor β receptor signaling pathway. Our study suggests that the activation level of the DDR pathway may be a novel predictive marker for immunotherapy efficacy in patients with mUC.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease endemic to freshwater areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America that is capable of causing serious damage to the internal organs. Recent studies have linked exosomes to the progression of schistosomiasis. These structures are important mediators for intercellular communication, assist cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material and have been shown to play critical roles during host-parasite interactions. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiology of exosomes in schistosomiasis and their roles in regulating the host immune response. Understanding how exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis may provide new perspectives in diagnosing and treating this neglected disease.

KIR/HLA-C signaling pathway influences the innate immune response which is the first defense to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the genetic polymorphisms of

genes and the outcomes of HCV infection in a high-risk Chinese population.

In this case-control study, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of

genes (

/

/

rs35440472,

rs2308557,

rs1130838, and

rs2524094) were genotyped by TaqMan assay among drug users and hemodialysis (HD) patients including 1,378 uninfected control cases, 307 subjects with spontaneous viral clearance, and 217 patients with persistent HCV infection. Bioinformatics analysis was used to functionally annotate the SNPs.

After logistic regression analysis, the rs35440472-A and rs1130838-A alleles were found to be associated with a significantly elevated risk of HCV infection (OR=1.562, 95% CI 1.229-1.987,

< 0.001; OR = 2.134, 95% CI 1.180-3.858,

= 0.012, respectively), which remained significant after Bonferroni correction (0.05/4). The combined effect of their risk alleles and risk genotypes (rs35440472-AA and rs1130838-AA) were linked to the increased risk of HCV infection in a locus-dosage manner (all



< 0.001). Based on the SNPinfo web server, rs35440472 was predicted to be a transcription factor binding site (TFBS) while rs1130838 was predicted to have a splicing (ESE or ESS) function.

/

/

rs35440472-A and

rs1130838-A variants are associated with increased susceptibility to HCV infection in a high-risk Chinese population.

KIR2DS4/KIR2DS1/KIR2DL1 rs35440472-A and HLA-C rs1130838-A variants are associated with increased susceptibility to HCV infection in a high-risk Chinese population.Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a life-threatening form of bone marrow failure that is associated with very high mortality. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells (APCs) with powerful movement ability, which is an important factor affecting immune function. The expression of profilin1 (Pfn1) plays an important role in the regulation of cell movement ability. We detected the expression of Pfn1 mRNA in the bone marrow (BM) myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from patients with SAA using RT-PCR. Next, we examined Pfn1 expression on mDCs using flow cytometry (FCM). We also assessed the relationship between Pfn1 expression and cytokine levels. Our data showed increased Pfn1 mRNA expression in patients with SAA. The expression of Pfn1 in BM mDCs increased in SAA patients. The expression of Pfn1 on mDCs and cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) were positively correlated in the serum of untreated patients with SAA. Taken together, we found that the expression of Pfn1 on mDCs of SAA patients increased, which may affect the function of mDCs. Profilin 1 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of SAA.Ocular inflammation imposes a high medical burden on patients and substantial costs on the health-care systems that mange these often chronic and debilitating diseases. Many clinical phenotypes are recognized and classifying the severity of inflammation in an eye with uveitis is an ongoing challenge. With the widespread application of optical coherence tomography in the clinic has come the impetus for more robust methods to compare disease between different patients and different treatment centers. Models can recapitulate many of the features seen in the clinic, but until recently the quality of imaging available has lagged that applied in humans. In the model experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we highlight three linked clinical states that produce retinal vulnerability to inflammation, all different from healthy tissue, but distinct from each other. Deploying longitudinal, multimodal imaging approaches can be coupled to analysis in the tissue of changes in architecture, cell content and function. This can enrich our understanding of pathology, increase the sensitivity with which the impacts of therapeutic interventions are assessed and address questions of tissue regeneration and repair. Modern image processing, including the application of artificial intelligence, in the context of such models of disease can lay a foundation for new approaches to monitoring tissue health.

Hypersympathetic activity is prominent in rheumatoid arthritis, and major life stressors precede onset in ~80% of patients. These findings and others support a link between stress, the sympathetic nervous system and disease onset and progression. Here, we extend previous research by evaluating how selective peripherally acting α/β

-adrenergic drugs affect joint destruction in adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammatory arthritis in male Lewis rats. Controls received no treatment. Arthritic rats then received vehicle or twice-daily treatment with the α-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine (0.5 mg/day) and the β

-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline (1200 µg/day, collectively named SH1293) from day (D) of disease onset (D12) through acute (D21) and severe disease (D28). Disease progression was assessed in the hind limbs using dorsoplantar widths, X-ray analysis, micro-computed tomography, and routine histology on D14, D21, and D28 post-immunization.

On D21, SH1293 significantlytis progression by treatment with SH1293. Targeting sympathetic neurotransmission may provide a strategy to slow disease progression.

To identify CD8

T cell-related factors and the co-expression network in melanoma and illustrate the interactions among CD8

T cell-related genes in the melanoma tumor microenvironment.

We obtained melanoma and paracancerous tissue mRNA matrices from TCGA-SKCM and GSE65904. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to assess CD8

T cell proportions, and the "estimate" package was used to assess melanoma tumor microenvironment purity. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identify the most related co-expression modules in TCGA-SKCM and GSE65904. Subsequently, a co-expression network was built based on the joint results in the two cohorts. Subsequently, we identified the core genes of the two most relevant modules of CD8

T lymphocytes according to the module correlation, and constructed the signature using ssGSEA. Later, we compared the signature with the existing classical pathways and gene sets, and confirmed the important prognostic significance of the signature in this paper.

Nine co-expressed genes were identified as CD8

T cell-related genes enriched in the cellular response to interferon-gamma process and antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen. In the low expression level group, inflammation and immune responses were weaker. Single-cell sequencing and immunohistochemistry indicated that these nine genes were highly expressed in CD8

T cells group.

We identified nine-gene signature, and the signature is considered as the biomarker for T lymphocyte response and clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma.

We identified nine-gene signature, and the signature is considered as the biomarker for T lymphocyte response and clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious autoimmune disease. Its molecular pathogenesis, especially the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) function, remains unclear. We want to investigate the lncRNA dysregulation profile and their molecular mechanisms in SLE.

In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles (RNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients and two published transcriptome datasets to explore lncRNA profiles. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR in another set of female patients. We constructed the lncRNA-mRNA regulatory networks by performing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Dysregulated lncRNA AC007278.2 was repressed by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in Jurkat cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of AC007278.2 on target gene CCR7.

We observed dominant up-regulation of transcripts, including mRNAs and lncRNAs, in SLE patients. By WGCNA method, we identified three modules that were highly related to SLE. We then focused on one lncRNA,

, with a T-helper 1 lineage-specific expression pattern. Crenolanib We observed consistently higher

expression in SLE patients. Co-expression network revealed that

participated in the innate immune response and inflammatory bowel disease pathways. By knocking down

expression, we found that

could regulate the expression of inflammatory and cytokine stimulus response-related genes, including

,

, and

.

inhibits the functional

promoter to repress its transcription, thereby regulating autoimmunity and follicular T-helper cell differentiation.

In summary, our study indicated the important regulatory role of lncRNAs in SLE.

may be treated as a novel biomarker for SLE diagnosis and treatment.

In summary, our study indicated the important regulatory role of lncRNAs in SLE. AC007278.2 may be treated as a novel biomarker for SLE diagnosis and treatment.In tuberculosis, T cell-mediated immunity is extensively studied whilst B cells received limited attention in human and mice. Of interest, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) does increase IL-4 Receptor-alpha (IL4Rα) expression in murine B cells. To better understand the role of IL4Rα signalling in B cells, we compared wild type mice with B cell-specific IL4Rα deficient mice (mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox mice). Chronic Mtb aerosol infection in mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox mice reduced lung and spleen bacterial burdens, compared to littermate (IL-4Rα-/lox) control animals. Consequently, lung pathology, inflammation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were reduced in the lungs of mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox mice, which was also accompanied by increased lung IgA and decreased IgG1 levels. Furthermore, intratracheal adoptive transfer of wild-type B cells into B cell-specific IL4Rα deficient mice reversed the protective phenotype. Moreover, constitutively mCherry expressing Mtb showed decreased association with B cells from mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox mice ex vivo.