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e., the presence and absence of extrapyramidal motor effects, respectively, is not valid anymore. The suggested changes in drug nomenclature have already been implemented into a recent textbook (Seifert R, Basic Knowledge of Pharmacology). The revised nomenclature ensures consistency with other fields of pharmacology and assignment of drug classes to indications without causing confusion. The authors acknowledge that the change in drug nomenclature is a cultural process that will take time and openly discuss the problems associated with the proposal. Ultimately, international learned societies will have to agree on a new nomenclature.We present a framework for discrete network-based modeling of TB epidemiology in US counties using publicly available synthetic datasets. We explore the dynamics of this modeling framework by simulating the hypothetical spread of disease over 2 years resulting from a single active infection in Washtenaw County, MI. We find that for sufficiently large transmission rates that active transmission outweighs reactivation, disease prevalence is sensitive to the contact weight assigned to transmissions between casual contacts (that is, contacts that do not share a household, workplace, school, or group quarter). Workplace and casual contacts contribute most to active disease transmission, while household, school, and group quarter contacts contribute relatively little. Stochastic features of the model result in significant uncertainty in the predicted number of infections over time, leading to challenges in model calibration and interpretation of model-based predictions. Finally, predicted infections were more localized by household location than would be expected if they were randomly distributed. This modeling framework can be refined in later work to study specific county and multi-county TB epidemics in the USA.Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult is commonly known as anantmul or Indian sarsaparilla. The roots of this plant, which display a wide range of medicinal, biological, and phytopharmaceutical properties, are used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Conventionally, the plant is propagated by seed germination or vegetatively, but the efficacy of traditional methods has some limitations plants derived from seed germination are prone to seed-borne diseases, or plantlet production using vegetative propagation is limited. In contrast, plant tissue culture allows for large-scale propagation and secondary metabolite production in vitro without sacrificing plants from their natural habitats. Many efforts have been made over 40 years of research to establish efficient micropropagation protocols to speed up cultivation of this plant, including callus-mediated in vitro propagation, somatic embryogenesis, and shoot multiplication using cotyledenory nodes, stem segments, shoot tips, and nodal explants. Among these explants, nodal explants are the most commonly used for H. indicus micropropagation. The application of adenine sulfate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, and arginine may be useful in preventing explant browning, premature leaf senescence, and shoot tip abscission during in vitro culture. This review provides insight into micropropagation, use of synthetic seeds for short-term germplasm preservation, and in vitro production of secondary metabolites such as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, lupeol, vanillin, and rutin, from in vitro root and callus cultures. Adavosertib Furthermore, unexplored and possible innovative areas of research in Hemidesmus biotechnology are also discussed. KEY POINTS • Hemidesmus indicus has multiple therapeutic applications. • H. indicus roots are used in confectionary and pharmacy. • This review comprehensively assesses H. indicus tissue culture. • Challenges and future research of H. indicus biotechnology are discussed.Toxin-antitoxin systems (TASs) have attracted much attention due to their important physiological functions. These small genetic factors have been widely studied mostly in commensal Escherichia coli strains, whereas the role of TASs in the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is still elusive. Here, the physiological role of chromosomally encoded type II TASs in EcN was examined. We showed that gene pair ECOLIN_00240-ECOLIN_00245 and ECOLIN_08365-ECOLIN_08370 were two functional TASs encoding CcdAB and HipAB, respectively. The homologs of CcdAB and HipAB were more conserved in E. coli species belonging to pathogenic groups, suggesting their important roles in EcN. CRISPRi-mediated repression of ccdAB and hipAB significantly reduced the biofilm formation of EcN in the stationary phase. Moreover, ccdAB and hipAB were shown to be responsible for the persister formation in EcN. Biofilm and persister formation of EcN controlled by the ccdAB and hipAB were associated with the expression of genes involved in DNA synthesis, SOS response, and stringent response. Besides, CRISPRi was proposed to be an efficient tool in annotating multiple TASs simultaneously. Collectively, our results advance knowledge and understanding of the role of TASs in EcN, which will enhance the utility of EcN in probiotic therapy. Key points • Two TASs in EcN were identified as hipAB and ccdAB.• Knockdown of HipAB and CcdAB resulted in decreased biofilm formation of EcN.• Transcriptional silencing of hipAB and ccdAB affected the persister formation of EcN.• An attractive link between TASs and stress response was unraveled in EcN.• CRISPRi afforded a fast and in situ annotation of multiple TASs simultaneously.Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) are critical for seed germination and maintaining natural populations of orchids, yet the degree of specificity of most orchids to their mycorrhizal associates remains unknown. Many orchids are at risk of extinction, whether generalists or specialists, but orchid species of narrow fungal specificity are arguably under increased threat due to their requirement for specific fungal symbionts. This study characterises the fungi associated with Aerangis ellisii, a lithophytic orchid from a site in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Culturable OMF isolated from spontaneous protocorms of this species from the wild were used for seed germination. In vitro germination and seedling development of A. ellisii were achieved with fungi derived from A. ellisii and an isolate from a different Aerangis species 30 km away. The significance of these findings and their importance to conservation strategies for this species and other Aerangis spp. is discussed. These results have important implications for the conservation of A. ellisii populations in Madagascar.We formulate a mathematical model of bacterial populations in a chemostat setting that also accounts for thermodynamic growth inhibition as a consequence of chemical reactions. Using only elementary mathematical and chemical arguments, we carry this out for two systems a simple toy model with a single species, a single substrate, and a single reaction product, and a more involved model that describes bioreduction of uranium[VI] into uranium[IV]. We find that in contrast to most traditional chemostat models, as a consequence of thermodynamic inhibition the equilibria concentrations of nutrient substrates might depend on their inflow concentration and not only on reaction parameters and the reactor's dilution rate. Simulation results of the uranium degradation model indicate that thermodynamic growth inhibition quantitatively alters the solution of the model. This suggests that neglecting thermodynamic inhibition effects in systems where they play a role might lead to wrong model predictions and under- or over-estimate the efficacy of the process under investigation.The purpose of this study was to express an antimicrobial peptide in the chloroplast to further develop the plastid engineering of H. pluvialis. Homologous targeting of the 16S-trnI/trnA-23S region and four endogenous regulatory elements, including the psbA promoter, rbcL promoter, rbcL terminator, and psbA terminator in H. pluvialis, were performed to construct a chloroplast transformation vector for H. pluvialis. The expression of codon-optimized antimicrobial peptide piscidin-4 gene (ant1) and selection marker gene (bar, biolaphos resistance gene) in the chloroplast of H. pluvialis was controlled by the rbcL promoter and psbA promoter, respectively. Upon biolistic transformation and selection with phosphinothricin, integration and expression of ant1 in the chloroplast genome were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), southern blotting, and western blotting. Using this method, we successfully expressed antimicrobial peptide piscidin-4 in H. pluvialis. Hence, our results showed H. pluvialis promises as a platform for expressing recombinant proteins for biotechnological applications, which will further contribute to promoting genetic engineering improvement of this strain.Purpose To determine the feasibility of ultra-short echo time (UTE) MRA for assessment of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters and evaluate the impact of different imaging protocols at 3.0 T, using conventional Cartesian MRA (cMRA) as the reference standard. Methods Patients with IVC-filters were recruited for this prospective IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant study. Subjects underwent contrast-enhanced breath-held and a free-breathing 3D radial acquisition UTE-MRA (bhUTE, fbUTE) at three different flip angles (FA 10°, 15°, 20°) to optimize T1-weighted image quality. Two radiologists performed a direct comparison consensus reading to assess the optimal FA. Image quality (IQ) of both UTE techniques at the best FA was rated independently on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = non-diagnostic, 3 = excellent) and compared to 3D T1-weighted breath-held cMRA. Results Nine subjects were recruited. Low FAs of 10° were rated best for both UTE techniques. fbUTE was excellent (3, IQR 2; 3) and significantly better for IVC-filter depiction than cMRA (2, IQR 0.75; 2, p = 0.001) and bhUTE (1.5, IQR 0.75; 2, p less then 0.001). Both UTE techniques showed significantly less filter-related artifacts (fbUTE 28%, bhUTE 33%) than cMRA (89%, p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). However, IQ of bhUTE was generally degraded due to high image noise and low image contrast. IQ of the IVC venogram was best with cMRA. Clinically relevant signal voids were only observed with the cage-shaped OptEase filter. Conclusion UTE-MRA is feasible at 3.0 T for the assessment of IVC-filters, particularly using a free-breathing protocol. Larger studies are needed to investigate the clinical utility of free-breathing UTE-MRA for assessment of IVC-filter-related complications.Rationale and objective Estradiol decline has been associated with depression and anxiety in post-menopausal women. Agomelatine (Ago) is an agonist of the melatonergic MT1/MT2 receptors and an antagonist of the serotonergic 5-HT2c receptors. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of combining Ago with 17β-estradiol (E2) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in young adult female rats. Methods OVX rats were treated with Ago (40 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days starting 1 week after surgery alone or combined with two doses of E2 (40 μg/kg/day, s.c.) given before behavioral testing. Results Co-administration of E2 enhanced the anti-depressant and anxiolytics effects of Ago as evidenced by decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test, as well as increased time spent in the open arms and number of entries to open arms in the elevated plus-maze. In parallel, Ago increased hippocampal norepinephrine, dopamine, melatonin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Meanwhile, Ago-treated rats exhibited reduced hippocampal nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) P65 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine level.