Freedmankang7740
This review aims to explore what I call the "Embodiment Cost Hypothesis" (ECH), according to which, when humans "embody" a part of the world other than their bodies, a measurable cost is detectable on their real bodies. The review analyzes experimental evidence in favor of the ECH by examining studies from different research fields, including studies of action observation (2), tool-use (3), rubber hand illusion (4), and full-body illusions (5). In light of this literature, this review argues that embodiment effects can profitably be seen as phenomena associated with both benefits (resulting from the embodiment of external objects/bodies) and costs (resulting from the disembodiment at various levels of the subject's own body). Implications are discussed in relation to the ongoing debate on the embodied cognition (EC) approach.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of minute ventilation (V˙
) estimation using a novel method based on a non-linear algorithm coupled with cycle-based features. The experiment protocol was well adapted for remote health monitoring applications by exploiting data streams from respiratory magnetometer plethysmography (RMP) during different physical activity (PA) types. Methods Thirteen subjects with an age distribution of 24.1±3.4 years performed thirteen PA ranging from sedentary to moderate intensity (walking at 4 and 6km/h, running at 9 and 12km/h, biking at 90W and 110W). In total, 3359 temporal segments of 10s were acquired using the Nomics RMP device while the iWorx spirometer was used for reference V˙
measurements. An artificial neural network (ANN) model based on respiration features was used to estimate V˙
and compared to the multiple linear regression (MLR) model. We also compared the subject-specific approach with the subject-independent approach. Results The ANN model usian be easily integrated into most remote health monitoring applications coupled with wearable sensors.Telocytes, which possess distinct body shapes and long telopodes, are allocated in the vascular wall. As a fundamental cell type, telocytes construct a three-dimensional network to form a support structure for the artery. This study aims to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of telocytes in atherosclerotic arteries. ApoE gene-deficient mice were selected as the atherosclerosis animal model and fed a high-fat diet for at least 12 weeks, and immunofluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to observe changes in telocytes in atherosclerotic arteries. By immunofluorescence staining, CD34, CD117 and PDGFR-α were positive compared with negative CD28/vimentin in telocytes in the atherosclerotic carotid artery, and they were distributed in the tunica intima and tunica adventitia. Under transmission electron microscopy, the bodies of telocytes became larger, while telopodes became shorter compared with their normal condition, and a mass of lipidosomes was present during the progression of atherosclerosis. These results demonstrate that immunofluorescence with TEM is the critical method for identifying TCs and that steatosis of TCs is a reason for atherosclerotic artery dysfunction.Ebolavirus disease (EVD) is a severe, highly contagious, and often fatal systemic disease in human and non-human primates. BIX 02189 Zoonotic and human-to-human transmission have been well documented. Ebolaviruses are endemic to Equatorial and West Africa and there have been over 20 outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa since 1976. The largest known outbreak of EVD occurred between 2013 and 2016 across several West African countries. It resulted in 28,646 suspected and confirmed cases and 11,323 deaths. There are 5 species within the genus Ebolavirus with 4 of them being clinically significant. In patients with EVD, neurologic manifestations range from mild symptoms such as confusion to severe neurologic diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis. Altered mental status, from mild confusion to delirium with hallucinations, may also occur. Rare neuropsychiatric manifestations of EVD include psychological or cognitive symptoms, including short-term memory loss, insomnia, and depression or anxiety. Although Ebolavirus RNA has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid, the body of knowledge around the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological disease is not yet fully understood. Studies are needed to understand the acute and chronic neuronal pathologic as well as biochemical cerebrospinal fluid changes in Ebolavirus infection.
Onchocerciasis is a serious problem in tropical areas. The role of the parasite as a factor associated with neurological diseases needs to be addressed because it might involve a reduction of the risk via elimination strategies. We performed a systematic scoping review to identify available studies on this association and put into perspective the different methodological approaches for interpreting the evidence.
A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (Pubmed) through October 1, 2020. We included all the studies evaluating the association between onchocerciasis and four neurological diseases (epilepsy, nodding syndrome, Nakalanga syndrome, and encephalitis) in tropical countries. A descriptive and critical summary of the results was conducted to provide an overview of the findings.
Overall, 161 articles were identified in the literature search. After full-length examination, we included twelve articles for epilepsy and three for nodding syndrome. Two meta-analyses of case-control studies found anal collaboration is essential to improve our understanding of risk factors and physiopathological mechanisms of these intriguing conditions.
The embodied cognition hypothesis implies a close connection between motor and cognitive development. Evidence for these associations is accumulating, with some studies indicating stronger relations in clinical than typically developing samples.
The present study extends previous research and investigates relations between fine motor skills and intelligence in typically developing children (n = 139, 7-13 years) and same-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 46). In line with previous findings, we hypothesized stronger relations in children with ADHD than in typically developing children.
Fine motor skills were assessed using the standardized Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Intelligence was measured with the standardized Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
Regression analyses indicated significant relations between fine motor skills and full-scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Moderation analyses identified stronger relations between fine motor skills and full-scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children.
Results suggest a close relation between fine motor skills and intelligence in children with and without ADHD, with children diagnosed with ADHD showing stronger relations. Findings support combined motor-cognitive interventions in treating children with ADHD.
Results suggest a close relation between fine motor skills and intelligence in children with and without ADHD, with children diagnosed with ADHD showing stronger relations. Findings support combined motor-cognitive interventions in treating children with ADHD.
Globally, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease is significantly higher among men compared to women. This is compounded by men's poorer uptake of TB testing and treatment, and worse outcomes for smear conversion and successful treatment completion compared to women; in South Africa specifically, TB accounts for a large portion of sex-specific life expectancy differences.
To understand men's unique barriers to accessing care and their needs while engaged in TB treatment, we conducted a qualitative study with men currently in or who recently completed TB treatment to understand how social norms for masculinity influence resource access and health behaviors, and in turn affect their engagement in care.
We interviewed 31 men using a semi-structured protocol, with domains including social network composition and support; TB illness; and testing, treatment, and clinical care experiences. Interviews were analyzed using a constant comparison approach to identify resources and how these are exchanged withiuild upon existing resources should be strongly considered.
One possible pathway by which depressive symptoms influence all-cause mortality is through their relationship with markers of inflammatory response. We aimed to examine whether white blood cell (WBC) count mediated the relationship between the presence of depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality among older Chinese people.
This community-based cohort study targeted 4053 individuals aged 60 years or over. A bootstrapping approach was applied to examine whether WBC count mediated the relationship between the presence of depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality. WBC count was evaluated as a mediator. The presence of depressive symptoms was assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The mediating effect was considered significant if the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not include 0.
Mediation analysis indicated that WBC count played an important mediating role in the relationship between PHQ-9 score and all-cause mortality based on the significance of indirect effect (β=-0.0039, 95% CI=-0.01, -0.0009). The direct effect from PHQ-9 score to all-cause mortality was not statistically significant (P=0.11) after adjusting for WBC count.
WBC count was associated with depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality. The association of depressive symptoms with all-cause mortality was fully mediated by WBC count.
WBC count was associated with depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality. The association of depressive symptoms with all-cause mortality was fully mediated by WBC count.
Although exercise improves sleep parameters in older people, most studies have been designed for people with insomnia or sleep complaints. Little is known of the effects of exercise among older people without sleep problems. We investigated the effects of 3-month light-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention on objectively measured sleep quantity and quality among community-dwelling older people.
Fifty-eight community-dwelling older people were assigned into an exercise (EX) or control (CON) groups, and 49 participants (65.7±5.7 years. BMI 24.4±3.9kg/m
) were enrolled in the analysis. EX group members attended 60min/week group-based exercise program and performed ≥140min of home-based exercise, at ≥50% of maximum heart rate to exceed 200min of total exercise per week. Sleep was assessed by an accelerometer and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after intervention.
In the EX group, total sleep time, hours in waking after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and consecutive wake epof baseline sleep status, but the effect may be small.
This study was conducted to investigate the association between the use of physical restraint and functional decline in older inpatients admitted with pneumonia in an acute care setting. Although several adverse effects related to restraint use have been reported, few researchers have examined this subject in acute care settings.
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a 471-bed, acute care hospital in Japan. Patients 65 years old and older who were admitted with pneumonia between April 2015 and September 2017 were included. The use of restraints (belts and/or mittens) was recorded for every 8-hour shift. The number of shifts during which each patient was restrained was used as an explanatory variable. The primary outcome was the Katz ADL score at discharge. We used multiple linear regression analysis to adjust for confounding factors.
Of 403 patients, 94 required physical restraints. The mean age was 84.5 years (standard deviation [SD] 8.2); 44.4% were women. The mean Katz score on admission was 2.
