Korsholmolsson2009
(3) The CO2 emission intensity effect is the main factor in restraining the growth of emissions, and the per capita final demand effect and intermediate product structure effect are the main promoting factors. The effect of driving factors on different industrial paths is different, and the offsetting effect of the driving factor in different paths may lead to the insignificant effect of this factor in the overall decomposition. To effectively reduce CO2 emissions, China should focus on specific industrial paths and implement upstream and downstream comprehensive governance to achieve a low-carbon industrial chain throughout the whole process.One of the human natural defense systems protects against nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection by IFN-γ producing T lymphocyte cells. Most disseminated NTM infections usually occur in severe immune-compromised patients, such as HIV infection or after organ transplant patients. However, there have been several reports of non-compromised patients with disseminated NTM infection, including antibiotic resistance cases and the presence of a neutralizing antibody against IFN-γ. We elucidated the anti-IFN-γ neutralizing antibody in a 65 year-old Japanese man whose legs were paralyzed because of multiple abscesses in vertebral bodies. Although his vertebral bodies were released due to an operation and antibiotics were administered, this treatment efficacy was poor. Patient's plasma demanded not only IFN-γ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from healthy controls, but also recombinant human IFN-γ expression. Furthermore, IFN-γ receptor expression was increased, compared to the healthy control. Finally, anti-IFN-γ antibody was detected in his plasma. These results suggested that anti-IFN-γ antibody induced an incurable NTM infection. IFN-γ was subcutaneously administrated with antibiotics, and then the abscesses diminished and his general condition was successfully improved. This therapy might be useful against severe NTM infections.Comprehensive information on the characteristics of surgical heart valves (SHVs) is essential for optimal valve selection. Such information is also important in assessing SHV function after valve replacement. Despite the existing regulatory framework for SHV sizing and labelling, this information is challenging to obtain in a uniform manner for various SHVs. To ensure that clinicians are adequately informed, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) set up a Task Force comprised of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulatory bodies, representatives of the International Organization for Standardization and major valve manufacturers. Previously, the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force identified the most important problems around SHV sizing and labelling. This Expert Consensus Document formulates recommendations for providing SHV physical dimensions, intended implant position and hemodynamic performance in a transparent, uniform manner. Furthermore, the Task Force advocates for the introduction and use of a standardized chart to assess the probability of prosthesis-patient mismatch and calls valve manufacturers to provide essential information required for SHV choice on standardized Valve Charts, uniformly for all SHV models.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of Australian complementary medicines advertising policy after major changes in 2018. These included a legally enforceable advertising code, stronger investigative and compliance powers for the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and enhanced educational resources for industry.MethodsAnalysis of the TGA complaint outcome database from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019 and the new regulatory measures.ResultsOf 1821 complaint records analysed, 92% were classified as low priority and closed by sending the advertiser a Regulatory Obligation letter. For low priority complaints, no details of the product, advertiser or alleged Code violation were published, and no follow-up was undertaken. Of 121 higher priority complaints, 79% failed to meet their key performance indicator (KPI) time to closure (60-90 days). These included complaints about dangerous sports supplements and ineffective weight loss and hangover products, some of which had been submitted in July 2018.ConclusionsComplaint cl problems.What does this paper add?High levels of advertising complaints persist. The TGA was unable to close many higher-priority complaints within the time frame set by its KPIs. These complaints involved serious breaches of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cwlth), which can attract both civil and (strict liability) criminal penalties. However, in most cases compliance was achieved by negotiation. The TGA met its KPIs for virtually all complaints it classified as low priority because these were closed by merely sending an obligations letter with no follow-up.What are the implications for practitioners?The persisting high levels of regulatory violation mean that practitioners cannot trust the claims made for complementary medicines or give good advice. In addition, consumers are wasting their money on useless products and are diverted from seeking more evidence-based remedies.Two decades ago, von Schantz et al. (von Schantz T, Bensch S, Grahn M, Hasselquist D, Wittzell H. 1999 Good genes, oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals. Proc. R. Soc. B 266, 1-12. (doi10.1098/rspb.1999.0597)) united oxidative stress (OS) biology with sexual selection and life-history theory. This set the scene for analysis of how evolutionary trade-offs may be mediated by the increase in reactive molecules resulting from metabolic processes at reproduction. Despite 30 years of research on OS effects on infertility in humans, one research area that has been left behind in this integration of evolution and OS biology is postcopulatory sexual selection-this integration is long overdue. We review the basic mechanisms in OS biology, why mitochondria are the primary source of ROS and ATP production during oxidative metabolism, and why sperm, and its performance, is uniquely susceptible to OS. We also review how postcopulatory processes select for antioxidation in seminal fluids to counter OS and the implications of the net outcome of these processes on sperm damage, sperm storage, and female and oocyte manipulation of sperm metabolism and repair of DNA to enhance offspring fitness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of sperm competition'.
Tin filter-based spectral shaping has been used for low-dose and ultra-low-dose computed tomography (CT) in several body parts. However, studies of shoulder CT arthrography with spectral shaping are limited.
To investigate image quality and radiation dose of shoulder CT arthrography with tin filter-based spectral shaping at 100 kV (Sn 100 kV) and 140 kV (Sn 140 kV) in comparison with the conventional protocol.
Ninety-nine shoulder CT arthrographies with protocols of Sn 100 kV (n = 32), Sn 140 kV (n = 25), and conventional 120 kV (n = 42) were retrospectively evaluated. Qualitative image quality, CT attenuations of intra-articular contrast mixture and tissues, background noise, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs), and figures of merit were assessed. Radiation doses were compared.
CT arthrographies with Sn 100 kV and Sn 140 kV yielded approximately 70% and 60% radiation dose reduction, respectively, compared with the conventional 120 kV (
< 0.001). Qualitative image noise and quantitative background noise of Sn 100 kV and Sn 140 kV were significantly less than those of the conventional protocol. Qualitative image contrast, CT attenuations of intra-articular contrast mixture and tissues, and CNRs for Sn 100 were similar to those of the conventional 120 kV. However, Sn 140 kV showed significantly lower qualitative contrast and CNRs than 120 kV. Sn 100 kV was the most dose efficient among the three protocols.
Shoulder CT arthrography with Sn 100 kV substantially reduced radiation dose and image noise and maintained image contrast, compared with the conventional protocol.
Shoulder CT arthrography with Sn 100 kV substantially reduced radiation dose and image noise and maintained image contrast, compared with the conventional protocol.Erythropoietin has been researched for its neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke for over 30 years. Although erythropoietin can cause side effects that need to be controlled, it has been suggested to be effective in enhancing the prognosis of patients who are out of the therapeutic time window and have not received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Studies on the mechanism of the function of erythropoietin have shown that it has various protective effects in ischemic brain injury after stroke, including promoting neurogenesis. Cytidine concentration In this review, we discuss the effects of erythropoietin on neurogenesis after ischemic brain injury and provide references for effective treatments for ischemic stroke, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.Ethnic-racial socialization is employed by ethnic minority parents to support their children's psychosocial adjustment. These socialization messages may be associated differently with psychosocial adjustment for Black youth according to ethnicity and qualities of the neighborhood context. This research examined whether associations between ethnic-racial socialization messages and psychosocial adjustment vary by ethnicity and perceived neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of Black adolescents who participated in the National Survey of American Life Adolescent supplement study. The effects of promotion of mistrust messages varied by ethnicity, and the effects of egalitarianism messages varied depending on perceived neighborhood quality. These findings help clarify prior research which has yielded equivocal results for the effects of these messages for Black youth's psychosocial adjustment.
To examine whether non-medical switching of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from originator infliximab to a biosimilar (CT-P13, Inflectra) is safe and clinically non-inferior to continued treatment with originator infliximab.
Prospective, open label, multicentre, parallel cohort, non-inferiority study in seven Australian hospitals over 48 weeks, May 2017 - October 2019.
Adults (18 years or older) with IBD receiving maintenance originator infliximab (Remicade) who had been in steroid-free clinical remission for at least 12 weeks.
Managed program for switching patients in four hospitals from originator to biosimilar infliximab (CT-P13); patients in three other hospitals continued to receive originator infliximab (control).
Clinical disease worsening requiring infliximab dose escalation or change in therapy.
The switch group included 204 patients, the control group 141 patients with IBD. Ten patients in the control group (7%) and 16 patients switched to CT-P13 (8%) experienced clinical deterioration; the adjusted risk difference (control v switch group) was -1.1 percentage points (95% CI, -6.1 to 8.2 percentage points), within our pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 15 percentage points. Serious adverse events leading to infliximab discontinuation were infrequent in both the switch (six, 3%) and control (six, 4%) groups.
Switching patients with IBD from originator to biosimilar infliximab is safe and non-inferior to continuing treatment with originator infliximab. Moreover, the introduction of biosimilar infliximab, by increasing market competition, has resulted in substantial cost savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
Switching patients with IBD from originator to biosimilar infliximab is safe and non-inferior to continuing treatment with originator infliximab. Moreover, the introduction of biosimilar infliximab, by increasing market competition, has resulted in substantial cost savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
