Bowlesgormsen3218

BACKGROUND Few case reports and clinical series exist on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 who delivered. OBJECTIVE To review the available information on mode of delivery, vertical/peripartum transmission, and neonatal outcome in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. SEARCH STRATEGY Combination of the following key words COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and pregnancy in Embase and PubMed databases. SELECTION CRITERIA Papers reporting cases of women infected with SARS-CoV-2 who delivered. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The following was extracted author; country; number of women; study design; gestational age at delivery; selected clinical maternal data; mode of delivery; selected neonatal outcomes. MAIN RESULTS In the 13 studies included, vaginal delivery was reported in 6 cases (9.4%; 95% CI, 3.5-19.3). Indication for cesarean delivery was worsening of maternal conditions in 31 cases (48.4%; 95% CI, 35.8-61.3). Two newborns testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR assay were reported. In three neonates, SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM levels were elevated but the RT-PCR test was negative. CONCLUSIONS The rate of vertical or peripartum transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is low, if any, for cesarean delivery; no data are available for vaginal delivery. Low frequency of spontaneous preterm birth and general favorable immediate neonatal outcome are reassuring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Missed hospital outpatient appointments is a commonly reported problem in healthcare services around the world; for example, they cost the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK millions of pounds every year and can cause operation and scheduling difficulties worldwide. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a report highlighting the need for a model of care that more readily meets the needs of people with chronic conditions. Syrosingopine ic50 Patient-initiated appointment systems may be able to meet this need at the same time as improving the efficiency of hospital appointments. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of patient-initiated appointment systems compared with consultant-led appointment systems for people with chronic or recurrent conditions managed in secondary care. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and six other databases. We contacted authors of identified studies and conducted backwards and forwards citation searchingspects of disease status and experience also appear to show little or no difference between patient-initiated and consultant-led appointment systems. Patient-initiated appointment systems may have little or no effect on service utilisation in terms of service contact and there is uncertainty about costs compared to consultant-led appointment systems. Patient-initiated appointment systems may have little or no effect on adverse events such as relapse or patient satisfaction compared to consultant-led appointment systems. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.AIM This study examined the direct and indirect associations between childhood psychopathology symptoms, screen use, media multitasking and participation in non-digital recreation. METHODS Psychopathology symptoms, media use, media multitasking, participation in sports, social clubs and reading/games were reported by 520 parents about their 3-11-year-old children. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS There were bi-directional negative associations between sports participation and emotional problems (β = -.16, p less then .001 and β = -.15, p less then .001); ADHD symptoms were associated with reduced reading/games (β = -.14, p = .004). A bi-directional positive association was found between media use and conduct problems (β = .10, p = .015 and β = .14, p = .015). Increased media multitasking was indirectly associated with elevated symptoms of ADHD via a reduction in reading/games (β =.10, p = .026). However, there was no evidence that screen use mediated the associations between psychopathology symptoms and non-digital recreation. CONCLUSION Depending on the specific psychological difficulties, children are either less likely to participate in non-digital recreation or are more likely to use screen media or multitask with media. Interventions for children, who experience emotional or behavioural difficulties, are needed to improve participation in non-digital recreation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIMS Vimentin citrullination, the calcium (Ca2+ )-dependentpeptidylarginine deiminase (PAD)-mediated conversion of anarginine residue of vimentin to a citrulline residue,has emerged as a pathophysiological outcome ofautoimmune diseases and neurodegeneration. However, the roles, functions, and expression of citrullinated vimentinhave not yet been elucidated because available antibodies are limited. METHODS Wedevelopedmouse monoclonal IgG1 andIgMspecific for vimentin citrullinated at position R440 or R450 and applied Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent stainingtoinvestigate the pathogenesis of prion diseases in animal models,in patients with prion diseases, and in vitro. RESULTS Vimentin was found to behighly citrullinated at R440 and R450,and these citrullinated formsweremainly expressed in reactive astrocytes in the brain tissues of scrapie-infected mice. Full-length and cleaved forms of citrullinated vimentin werefound in the cerebral corticesof sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients.The distribution of citrullinated vimentin was mainly confirmed in vimentin-, GFAP-, and YKL-40-positive reactive astrocytes. Biochemically, citrullination promoted resistance to the caspase-3- and caspase-9-mediated fragmentation of vimentin. Additionally,citrullination led to increased cytoplasmic and integral membrane/organellevimentin enrichment,whichindicated changes in theintrinsic solubility and distribution of vimentin. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggestthat citrullinated vimentin acts as a specificindicatorfor the reactive state of astrocytes underabnormal neurological conditions. In addition, thesenovel antibodieswill be helpful for studying the role of citrullinated vimentin in the pathogenesis of human disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM To compare the immunoexpression of RANK, MMP-9, and PTHrP in apical periodontitis lesions of diabetic and normoglycemic individuals. METHODOLOGY Primary chronic apical periodontitis lesions associated with teeth indicated for extraction in 13 type 2 diabetic individuals and 13 normoglycemic individuals who were screened for the glycemic index and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed. Individuals with other systemic diseases and users of anti-inflammatories and/or antibiotics in the previous 3 months, were excluded. Silanized slides with paraffin sections were used for immunohistochemical reactions and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological classification. The images were analyzed with an optical microscope and the slides were subdivided into 5 large fields assigning scores (0-2), according to the number of positive markings for each antibody. Fisher's exact test evaluated the parameters gender, type of lesion, location, and position in the arch. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test waseen the groups. There was no significant correlation between the expression of bone resorption markers and the macroscopic size of the periapical lesions (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The bone resorption mediators analyzed had similar immunoexpression in the periapical lesions of diabetic and normoglycemic individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worldwide shortage of ventilators. This shortage has initiated discussions of how to support multiple patients with a single ventilator (ventilator splitting). Ventilator splitting is incompletely tested, experimental and the effects have not been fully characterised. This study investigated the effect of ventilator splitting on system variables (inspiratory pressure, flow, and volume) and the possibility of different ventilation targets for each limb using only standard hospital equipment. Experiments were conducted on two test lungs with different compliances (0.02 and 0.04 l.cmH2 O-1 ). The ventilator was used in both pressure and volume control modes and was set to ventilate the low compliance lungs at end-tidal volumes of 500 ± 20 ml. A flow restrictor apparatus consisting of a Hoffman clamp and tracheal tube was connected in series to the inspiratory limb of the high compliance test lungs and the resistance modified to achieve end-tidal volumes of 500 ± 20 ml. The restriction apparatus successfully modified the inspiratory pressure, minute ventilation, and volume delivered to the high compliance test lungs in both pressure control (27.3-17.8 cm H2 O, 15.2-8.0 l.min-1 and 980-499 ml, respectively), and volume control (21.0-16.7 cm H2 O, 10.7-7.9 l.min-1 and 659-498 ml, respectively) ventilation modes. Ventilator splitting is not condoned by the authors. However, these experiments demonstrate the capacity to simultaneously ventilate two test lungs of different compliances, and using only standard hospital equipment, modify the delivered pressure, flow, and volume in each test lung. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Large sample theory of semi-parametric models based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) with shape constraint on the non-parametric component is well studied. Relatively less attention has been paid to the computational aspect of semi-parametric MLE. The computation of semi-parametric MLE based on existing approaches such as the EM algorithm can be computationally prohibitive when the missing rate is high. In this paper, we propose a computational framework for semi-parametric MLE based on an inexact block coordinate ascent algorithm. We show theoretically that the proposed algorithm converges. This computational framework can be applied to a wide range of data with different structures, such as panel count data, interval-censored data and degradation data, among others. Simulation studies demonstrate favorable performance compared with existing algorithms in terms of accuracy and speed. Two data sets are used to illustrate the proposed computational method. We further implement the proposed computational method in R package BCA1SG, available at CRAN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is responsible for keratinocyte cancers (KC) through the induction of mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Many factors influence CPD repair in epidermal keratinocytes and a better understanding of those factors might lead to prevention strategies against skin cancer. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the impact of dermal components on epidermal CPD repair efficiency and to investigate potential factors responsible for the dermal-epidermal crosstalk modulating UVR-induced DNA damage repair in keratinocytes. METHODS A model of self-assembled tissue-engineered skin containing human primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts has been used in this study. RESULTS We showed that CPD repair in keratinocytes is positively influenced by the presence of a dermis. We investigated the secretome and found that the cytokine CXCL5 is virtually absent in the culture medium of reconstructed skin, when compared to media from fibroblasts and keratinocytes alone. By modulating CXCL5 levels in culture media of keratinocytes, we have shown that CXCL5 is a CPD repair inhibitor.