Borkgriffin1945

Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in developing countries. Waterborne typhoid fever affects an estimated 27 million people worldwide each year. Decades of indiscriminate antibiotic usage has driven the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and even extensively drug-resistant (XDR)

Typhi (

Typhi) strains.

By combining the epidemiological investigations, bacterial isolation from patients and household water, whole genome sequencing and drug resistance analysis, we identified a waterborne typhoid fever outbreak caused by XDR

Typhi in Beijing municipality. This was the first report of the XDR

. Typhi triggered outbreak in Beijing, which was also rare in China.

This report highlights the importance of ensuring access to affordable and safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and waste management systems for resource-constrained urban populations. Typhoid fever caused by XDR

. Typhi is still a severe public health threat.

This report highlights the importance of ensuring access to affordable and safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and waste management systems for resource-constrained urban populations. Typhoid fever caused by XDR S. Typhi is still a severe public health threat.

Gastroenteritis caused by non-O1/non-O139

exhibited an increasing trend in recent years in China. Whole genome sequence (WGS) data could play an important role both in the identification of the outbreaks and in the determination of the serogroup. Here, we present the employment of WGS data in the investigation of two outbreaks caused by non-O1/non-O139

in Guangdong, China, 2020-2021.

We obtained the whole genome sequence of 66

strains isolated in two outbreaks with next generation sequencing technology. We retrieved the publicly available WGS data of non-O1/non-O139

from public database. We used a pipeline integrated in China Pathogen Identification Net (PIN) to complete the phylogenetic analysis.

Two outbreaks caused by non-O1/non-O139

were identified using WGS data. These

strains were determined as serogroup O5. Selleckchem Cpd 20m Type 3 and 6 secretion systems were detected in these serogroup O5 strains. These serogroup O5 strains belonged to sequence type (ST) 88.

Our analysis indicated the risk of non-O1/non-O139

leading to outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. The application of genomic data played an important role in the identification of the serogroup of non-O1/non-O139

in the lack of antiserum, which gave an example of the application of genome data in disease surveillance and public health emergency response.

Our analysis indicated the risk of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae leading to outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. The application of genomic data played an important role in the identification of the serogroup of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in the lack of antiserum, which gave an example of the application of genome data in disease surveillance and public health emergency response.

The genus

contains seven recognized bacterial species, mainly transmitted by tick bites. The two species,

and

, are known commonly to cause diseases in humans.

was initially thought to be only an animal agent until the first patient case was reported in 2019. This study investigated another two patients who became sick within one month in the same township and were infected with

in Anhui Province.

This study suggested that more

-infected patients may exist in this area and that patients with anaplasmosis require an early and specific diagnosis.

This study suggested that more A. bovis-infected patients may exist in this area and that patients with anaplasmosis require an early and specific diagnosis.

Accurate etiological detection is needed to evaluate the risk of zoonotic diseases. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can be used to monitor pathogens in animal species and identify potential zoonotic threats. The current sampling model for zoonotic pathogen monitoring in wild animals requires samples to be transferred from the field to a laboratory for further detection.

We constructed a zoonotic pathogen survey model using a set of mobile laboratories.

The monitoring in this study was preplanned to detect

, but the mNGS unexpectedly identified

spp

in the rodent samples, thus exposing the threat of bartonellosis to humans in this region. The co-localization of sampling and sequencing (CLOSS) model we tested required no long-distance transferring of samples and expands the regional coverage of zoonotic surveys by using a mobile laboratory.

Using this mNGS technique will enable detection of more zoonotic pathogens beyond the preplanned monitoring targets. This may increase the surveillance efficiency compared with that of the previous workflow and expand the application of the mobile laboratories for infectious diseases identification and surveillance in the field.

Using this mNGS technique will enable detection of more zoonotic pathogens beyond the preplanned monitoring targets. This may increase the surveillance efficiency compared with that of the previous workflow and expand the application of the mobile laboratories for infectious diseases identification and surveillance in the field.

The surveillance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria is one critical approach to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool in monitoring the emergence and spread of ARGs and resistant bacteria. The horizontal transfer of ARGs across host bacteria mediated by plasmids is a challenge in NGS surveillance for resistance because short-read sequencing can hardly generate the complete plasmid genome sequence, and the correlation between ARGs and plasmids are difficult to determine.

The complete genome sequences of 455

-carrying plasmids (pMCRs), and the data of their host bacteria and isolation regions were collected from the NCBI database. Genes of Inc types and ARGs were searched for each plasmid. The genome similarity of these plasmids was analyzed by pangenome clustering and genome alignment.

A total of 52 Inc types, including a variety of fusion plasmids containing 2 or more Inc types were identified in these pMCRs and carri comparisons in the laboratory network are necessary for spread tracing of ARG-carrying plasmids and risk assessment in AMR surveillance.

In the absence of effective vaccines, tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) is essential for the rapid decrease in incidences of tuberculosis (TB), and healthcare workers' acceptability is vital to implementing TPT.

Overall, 86.5% of healthcare workers knew what TPT was. Most (56.3%) healthcare workers agreed to implement TPT among high-risk groups with latent tuberculosis infection. Drug resistance, adverse events, and unguaranteed efficacy were three main barriers for healthcare workers in accepting TPT.

To further promote and implement TPT in China, practical measures included policy support, high-quality training for healthcare workers, and enhanced public awareness of TB prevention and control.

To further promote and implement TPT in China, practical measures included policy support, high-quality training for healthcare workers, and enhanced public awareness of TB prevention and control.

Shijiazhuang is one of the most polluted cities in China, but few studies have investigated the acute impact of fine particulate matter (PM

) on mortality in this city. We assessed associations between PM

and cause-specific mortality during 2015 to 2020.

We obtained air quality data from Shijiazhuang Ecology and Environment Bureau, meteorological data from Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, and mortality data from Shijiazhuang CDC's Cause of Death Reporting System for our analyses. We used a quasi-Poisson regression generalized additive model to assess excess risk of death for a single time-lag and for moving average time-lags of 0-7 days, stratifying by year, sex, age, and education.

There were 76,859 non-accidental deaths recorded in Shijiazhuang during the study period. The daily concentration of PM

ranged from 6.3 μg/m

to 625.3 μg/m

, and the annual mean concentration was 77.6 μg/m

. Regression analysis showed that an increment of PM

of 10 μg/m

in a two-day average concentration (lag01ions decreased, risk of death from respiratory diseases also decreased.

China is a country with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB). However, the evaluation of TB burden is usually based on traditional epidemiological indicators, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is rarely applied.

In China, the number of DALYs caused by TB in 2019 was estimated to be 1.36 million, and the age-standardized rate (ASR) was 86.46/100,000. The DALYs of TB decreased significantly from 1990 to 2019, with the largest decline from 2001 to 2010. The burden is higher among men than women, and the highest among the elderly.

Application of DALYs can reflect the damage in health to China's residents caused by tuberculosis. In the future, we should strengthen research, monitor years lived with disability (YLDs), and reduce the burden of the elderly and men. Cost-effective analysis based on DALYs should be conducted to provide a scientific basis for decision-making.

Application of DALYs can reflect the damage in health to China's residents caused by tuberculosis. In the future, we should strengthen research, monitor years lived with disability (YLDs), and reduce the burden of the elderly and men. Cost-effective analysis based on DALYs should be conducted to provide a scientific basis for decision-making.

In 2020, the implementation of non-medical interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has created a negative impact on tuberculosis (TB) control. It is unclear if the prevalence of TB among students in Guizhou Province was also affected.

Among TB cases, the proportion of student TB patients was 19.91% in the back-to-school period in 2020, which was higher than the 13.37% registered in 2017-2019, but this decreased in the COVID-19 pandemic period. The time interval between symptom onset and care-seeking of the student TB patients was the shortest in the back-to-school and physical check-up periods.

TB active screening was effective for timely detection and diagnosis of TB among students, which could prevent TB outbreaks in schools.

TB active screening was effective for timely detection and diagnosis of TB among students, which could prevent TB outbreaks in schools.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of genetic variants that are associated with many complex traits. However, their biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have been recently proposed as an invaluable tool for investigating the potential gene regulatory mechanisms underlying variant-trait associations. Specifically, TWAS integrate GWAS with expression mapping studies based on a common set of variants and aim to identify genes whose GReX is associated with the phenotype. Various methods have been developed for performing TWAS and/or similar integrative analysis. Each such method has a different modeling assumption and many were initially developed to answer different biological questions. Consequently, it is not straightforward to understand their modeling property from a theoretical perspective.

We present a technical review on thirteen TWAS methods. Importantly, we show that these methods can all be viewed as two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, which has been widely applied in GWASs for examining the causal effects of exposure on outcome.