Kastrupbusch6991
For two protogynous hermaphrodite fish species, the performance of visual gonad analysis techniques was evaluated to determine when the use of macroscopic methods was sufficient and when microscopic techniques were necessary. Simple macroscopic gonad analysis was found to be a powerful tool for distinguishing sex and whether or not females were spawning capable or ripe for black sea bass Centropristis striata (n = 1443) and red porgy Pagrus pagrus (n = 980), often producing results that were in close agreement with more complex and expensive microscopic techniques. Estimates of key reproductive variables, such as size-dependent sex-change ogives, spawning season duration, spawning fraction and batch number, were also very similar or equal between methods. Apparent seasonal spawning activity was also predicted similarly by each method and the patterns were highly correlated with seasonal patterns in gonado-somatic indices. In contrast, distinguishing between immature females and those that were mature, but inactive, proved difficult when using macroscopic methods and, in these cases, predictions often differed from those produced microscopically. In turn, maturity ogives differed significantly between methods for C. striata (maturity ogives could not be generated for P. pagrus as nearly all fish encountered were mature). Agreement rates among male phases were also very low. Macroscopic methods were able to identify signs of sex transition in very advanced specimens, but early signs were only evident microscopically. While much more detail is visible microscopically, here several population-scale parameters important for fisheries management were estimated equally well with the unaided eye for C. striata and P. pagrus. For comprehensive, fishery-independent surveys and long-term research programmes in particular, determining when microscopic techniques are and are not necessary can greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs without compromising data quality.
The aim of this article is to review the physiology of progesterone and focus on its physiological actions on tissues such as endometrium, uterus, mammary gland, cardiovascular system, central nervous system and bones. In the last decades, the interest of researchers has focused on the role of progesterone in genomic and non-genomic receptor mechanisms.
We searched PubMed up to December 2014 for publications on progesterone/steroidogenesis.
A better understanding of the biological genomic and non-genomic receptor mechanisms could enable us in the near future to obtain a more comprehensive knowledge of the safety and efficacy of this agent during hormone replacement therapy (natural progesterone), invitro fertilization (water-soluble subcutaneous progesterone), in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and diabetic neuropathy, even though further clinical studies are needed to prove its usefulness.
A better understanding of the biological genomic and non-genomic receptor mechanisms could enable us in the near future to obtain a more comprehensive knowledge of the safety and efficacy of this agent during hormone replacement therapy (natural progesterone), in vitro fertilization (water-soluble subcutaneous progesterone), in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and diabetic neuropathy, even though further clinical studies are needed to prove its usefulness.
Circulating lipid metabolites are associated with many physiological and biological processes in the body, and therefore could be used as biomarkers for evaluating drug efficacy and safety in preclinical studies. However, differences in circulating lipid profiles among humans and animals often used in preclinical studies have not been fully investigated.
We performed lipidomic analysis to obtain circulating lipid profiles of fasted humans (Caucasian, n = 15) and three animal species used in preclinical studies (mice [BALB/c, n = 5], rats [Sprague-Dawley, n = 5], and rabbits [New Zealand White, n = 5]) by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Our data showed marked differences in lipid profiles among humans and these animal species. this website Furthermore, we observed that the levels of many lipid metabolites, such as poly-unsaturated fatty acid-containing cholesteryl esters, ether-type phosphoglycerolipids, and sulfatides, were significantly different (p < 0.05) by more than 10-fold in these animals (depending on the animal species) from humans.
Our data could be useful while extrapolating the data on the biomarker candidates identified in preclinical studies into clinical studies.
Our data could be useful while extrapolating the data on the biomarker candidates identified in preclinical studies into clinical studies.
To assess the ability of a novel imaging device to allow physicians to personalize therapeutic regimens based on objective patient drop administration data.
A novel imaging system was used to record video of the drop technique of subjects in clinic (n=25) or at home (n=17) for 1 week. Video assessment by a reading center was compared with patient reporting and their prescribed regimen with respect to how many drops were applied and how many landed in the eye.
Reading center assessment of both drops dispensed and drops landing in the eye was significantly different from the prescribed regimen in the clinic (Pd=0.005, Pi<0.001, respectively) and at-home arms (Pd=0.003, Pi<0.001, respectively).
This imaging system is a powerful tool to help physicians tailor patient therapy more accurately, to help researchers evaluate new drop therapies with objective rather than subjective data, and to potentially facilitate better patient training for improved drug delivery.
This imaging system is a powerful tool to help physicians tailor patient therapy more accurately, to help researchers evaluate new drop therapies with objective rather than subjective data, and to potentially facilitate better patient training for improved drug delivery.SIRT2 is a member of the mammalian sirtuin protein family, primarily found in the cytoplasm. It regulates numerous cellular processes including aging, DNA repair, cell cycle, and survival under stress conditions. However, the biological function and mechanism of the SIRT2 protein was not well understood in normal cells such as primary chondrocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of SIRT2 on differentiation and inflammation in rabbit articular chondrocytes by using a cell-permeative PEP-1-SIRT2 protein. Our results indicate that PEP-1-SIRT2-induced a loss of type II collagen and decreased sulfate proteoglycan levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as examined by Western blotting, alcian blue staining, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, PEP-1-SIRT2 caused an inflammatory response by inducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In addition, after treatment with PEP-1-SIRT2, phosphorylation of both p38 and ERK was observed. Inhibition of ERK with PD98059 (PD) suppressed PEP-1-SIRT2-induced dedifferentiation and COX-2 expression. Reduction in PEP-1-SIRT2-induced inflammatory response was observed upon inhibition of p38 by SB203580 (SB). The same pattern was demonstrated in PEP-1-SIRT2-induced dedifferentiation and inflammatory response during culture with serial passages. During expansion to four passages, levels of type II collagen decreased, whereas levels of COX-2 and SIRT2 increased and activated ERK and p38. Furthermore, PEP-1-SIRT2 enhances dedifferentiation through the ERK pathway and inflammatory response through the ERK and p38 pathways in rabbit chondrocytes in vitro. These findings suggest that PEP-1-SIRT2 induces dedifferentiation via the ERK pathway and inflammation through the p38 and ERK pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes.The spatial distribution of mast cells inside the tumor stroma has been little investigated. In this study, we have evaluated tumor mast cells distribution through the analysis of the morphological features of the spatial patterns generated by these cells, including size, shape, and architecture of the cell pattern. We have compared diffuse large B cells lymphoma (DLBCL) and systemic mastocytosis in two different anatomical localizations (lymph nodes for DLBCL and, respectively, bone marrow for mastocytosis). Results have indicated that, despite the high difference in size exhibited by the mast cells patterns in the two conditions, the spatial relationship between the mast cells forming the aggregates resulted similar, characterized by a significant tendency of the mast cells to self-organize in clusters.
In national guidelines for urinary tract infection (UTI) in children, different cut-off levels for defining bacteriuria are used. In this study, the relationship between bacterial count in infant UTI and inflammatory parameters, frequency of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), kidney damage, and recurrent UTI was analyzed.
We conducted a population-based retrospective study of 430 infants age <1 year with symptomatic UTI diagnosed by suprapubic aspiration. Clinical and laboratory parameters, findings on voiding cystourethrography and (99m)technetium dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy, and frequency of recurrence were related to bacterial count at the index UTI.
Eighty-three (19%) infants had bacterial counts <100,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml and 347 (81%) had ≥100,000 CFU/ml. There was similar frequency of VUR (19% in both groups), kidney damage (17 and 23%, p = 0.33) and recurrent UTI (6 and 12%, p = 0.17) in the low and high bacterial group. Non-E. coli species were more prevalent (19 versus 6%, p = 0.0006) and mean C-reactive protein was lower (50 vs. 79 mg/l, p <0.0001) in the low bacteria group.
UTI with low bacterial count is common and of importance since it may be associated with VUR and renal damage. Non-E. coli species and low inflammatory response were more prevalent in UTI with low bacterial count.
UTI with low bacterial count is common and of importance since it may be associated with VUR and renal damage. Non-E. coli species and low inflammatory response were more prevalent in UTI with low bacterial count.
New drug formulations against hypertension have a vital role in the quality of human life, as this risk factor for cardiovascular disease can be life threatening. A modern life style characterized by less exercise, smoking, drinking and poor diet has increased the risk of developing hypertension, the so-called silent killer, in civilized communities and thus an urgent defense is needed against this enemy.
In this review, the authors provide extensive information on pharmaceutical formulations containing anti-hypertensive drugs, as well as on general and specific patents. Thus, readers can understand the advances and new trends in the field.
A considerable effort has been made to provide new and improved formulations, comprising anti-hypertensive drugs with new excipients, appropriate particle size, containing alkaline salts or included in cyclodextrins in an attempt to avoid known existing problems. New types of formulations are expected to emerge in the near future that will allow for more effective ane component, act synergistically and therefore have optimized pharmacological benefits. Formulations using multitarget antihypertensive drugs are also expected to be commercially available in the near future.
