Therkildsenrohde3510

These results can be interpreted as an instance of ABA renewal effect and they provide information about psychological mechanisms involved in extinction processes.Recent evidence indicates that predation risk plays a special role in the rodent behavior of dams and offspring, but little is known about the effect of maternal exposure to the predator cues in the absence of pups. Here, we assessed the effects of repeated predator odor exposure on various maternal responses in postpartum Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Sodium valproate We also examined offspring's behavioral response to a novel environment. Only mother voles were exposed to distilled water, rabbit urine and cat urine for 60 min daily from postpartum day (PP) 1-18. Maternal behavior was immediately tested after these exposures on PP1, 3, 6, 9 and 18. Repeated cat odor (CO) and rabbit odor (RO) exposure disrupted hovering over pups in a time-dependent fashion. Repeated CO exposure also time-dependently disrupted pup retrieval, whereas RO exposure induced long-term reduction in pup licking. Juvenile offspring of CO-exposed mothers showed increased locomotor activity and decreased rearing in the open field at postnatal day 30. These findings demonstrated that maternal exposure to predator or non-predator odors had a disruptive effect on the maternal behavior of Brandt's voles when only the mother was exposed to these odors, and that the adversity experience with predation risk significantly impacted the behavioral development of offspring. Future work should explore possible behavioral mechanisms, such as the effect of predation risk, on the dams' emotional processing or pup preference.Objective To determine the rate of PT referral and patient and physician characteristics associated with PT referral for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and other peripheral vestibular disorders (PVDs) in U.S. ambulatory care clinics. Design Cross sectional analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2004-2015 SETTING Ambulatory care clinics in the US PARTICIPANTS We identified 5.6 million weighted adult visits for BPPV [ICD-9-CM 386.11] and 6.6 million weighted visits for other PVDs [ICD-9-CM 386.1-386.9, excluding 386.11 and 386.2] made by patients 18 years and older from 2004-2015. Interventions Not applicable MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient, clinical, and physician characteristics were extracted, and descriptive statistics were stratified by referral to PT. Two multivariable logistic regression models were estimated for each diagnostic group (BPPV and other PVDs) to identify predictors of PT referral. Results PT referrals for BPPV increased from 6.2% in 2004-2006 to 12.9% in 2013-2015 while PT referrals for other PVDs decreased from 3.8% in 2004-2006 to 0.5% in 2013-2015. Other insurance coverage (versus private) and neurologists and other specialists (versus otolaryngologists) were associated with a greater odds of PT referral for BPPV. Visits made in the Midwest and West (versus Northeast) and in rural versus metropolitan areas had greater odds of PT referral for BPPV. Relative to otolaryngologists, primary care physicians were less likely to refer to PT for other PVDs. Visits made in metropolitan versus rural areas and visits with 1 or more comorbidities (versus none) had greater odds of PT referral for other PVDs. Conclusions PT referrals remain low for ambulatory care visits for BPPV and other PVDs in the US. Referral to PT for BPPV and other PVDs varied by insurance type, physician specialty, and office location.Objective This study was performed to compare the effects of a vapocoolant spray and an eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream on reducing pain during intraarticular (IA) injection of the shoulder. Design Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting University hospital. Participants Sixty-three patients who underwent IA injection of the shoulder joint were randomized into the spray group, EMLA group, or placebo group. Intervention Placebo cream + vapocoolant spray (spray group), EMLA cream + placebo spray (EMLA group), or placebo cream + placebo spray (placebo group) before IA injection. Main outcome measures A 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) for injection pain and 5-point Likert scales for participant satisfaction and preference for repeated use were administered immediately after IA injection. Results The VAS scores for pain during IA injection were 30.0 (95% confidence interval 19.7-41.2) in the spray group, 50.0 (37.7-63.0) in the EMLA group, and 53.8 (41.6-65.0) in the placebo group (F = 6.403, P less then 0.01). The spray group showed significantly better Likert scale scores than the placebo group for participant satisfaction (P = 0.003) and preference for repeated use (P less then 0.001). Conclusions Vapocoolant spray was effective in reducing pain during IA injection of the shoulder.Objective To determine the effects of exercise on individual cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) risk factors in adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data sources English language searches of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus (01/01/1970 to 31/07/2019). Study selection Articles were included if they met the following criteria (1) original articles with statistical analysis, (2) participants were adults with a SCI sustained ≥ 1-year ago, (3) exercise intervention duration ≥ 2 weeks, and (4) included any CMS risk factor as an outcome. Data extraction The methodological quality of articles was assessed using the Downs and Black score. Data synthesis Sixty-five studies were included for the final analysis, including nine studies classified as high quality (≥66%), 35 studies classified as fair quality (50-66%), and 21 studies classified as low quality (75% maximum heart rate) appears to improve waist circumference and hepatic insulin sensitivity, but appears insufficient for improving fasting glucose, lipid profile, or resting blood pressure. The addition of RT to upper-body aerobic exercise may elicit favourable changes in the lipid profile. More high-quality studies are needed to confirm if FES-cycling is effective at improving peripheral insulin sensitivity.Objective To investigate pain catastrophizing presentations up to 6-months postoperatively and subsequent changes in pain intensity and physical function. Design Prospective observational multisite study SETTING Two tertiary care facilities between 2016 and 2019 PARTICIPANTS Adult patients undergoing a mastectomy, thoracic surgery, total knee or hip arthroplasty, spinal fusion, or major abdominal surgery. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure(s) Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) scores, Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) Average Pain Intensity, and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function. Results Four pain catastrophizing trajectories were identified in 348 surgical patients throughout the six months of postoperative recovery stable, remitting, worsening, and unremitting. Linear mixed-effects models found that the unremitting trajectory was associated with higher pain intensity over time. The average pain intensity of participants in the remif early interventions to surgical patients at risk of experiencing a pain catastrophizing trajectory associated with suboptimal outcomes during rehabilitation.Objective To evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training in a population of stroke patients. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and CNKI databases were searched for clinical trials up to December 2019. Study selection Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English met the inclusion criteria. link2 Data extraction Data were extracted and assessed for accuracy by two reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved after discussions with an independent third reviewer. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane bias tool. Data synthesis The meta-analysis showed increased maximal inspiratory pressure (SMD 0.88, 95% CI 0.62 - 1.15, P less then 0.001; at the 12-week follow-up period SMD 0.94, 95% CI 0.42 - 1.45, P less then 0.001); maximal expiratory pressure (SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.15 - 1.52, P = 0.017; at the 12-week follow-up period SMD 0.99, 95% CI 0.47 - 1.51, P less then 0.001); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (SMD = 1.41, 95% CI 0.57 - 2.24, P = 0.001), forced vital capacity (SMD = 1.36, 95% CI 0.55 - 2.16, P less then 0.001), peak expiratory flow (SMD = 0.74, 95% CI 0.16 - 1.32, P = 0.013), 6-minute walk test (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI 0.11 - 1.23, P = 0.020), and decreased respiratory complications (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.30 - 1.00, P = 0.050) compared with no respiratory intervention or a sham intervention. Conclusions Respiratory muscle training improved post-stroke muscle strength and the benefits were carried over for up to 12-weeks, including improved lung function, walking capacity and a reduced risk of respiratory impediments.Objective To compare sex differences in alexithymia (poor emotional processing) in males and females with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and uninjured controls. Setting TBI rehabilitation facility in the USA and a University in Canada. Participants Sixty adults with moderate to severe TBI (62% males) and 60 uninjured controls (63% males) DESIGN Cross-sectional. Main measures Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20). Results Uninjured males had significantly higher (worse) alexithymia scores than uninjured female participants on the TAS-20 (p=.007), whereas, no sex differences were found in the TBI group (p=.698). Males and females with TBI had significantly higher alexithymia compared to uninjured same-sex controls (both ps less then .001). The prevalence of participants with scores exceeding alexithymia sex-based norms for males and females with TBI was 37.8% and 47.8% respectively, compared to 7.9% and 0% for male and females without TBI. Conclusions Contrary to the majority of findings in the general population, males with TBI were not more alexthymic than their female counterparts with TBI. Both males and females with TBI have more severe alexithymia than their uninjured same-sex peers, and moreover, both are equally at risk for elevated alexithymia compared to norms. Alexithymia should be evaluated and treated after TBI regardless of patient sex.Objective To evaluate whether tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and weight gain are associated with the diagnosis of overuse musculoskeletal injuries within the first 12 months following lower limb amputation. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Military treatment facilities. Participants A total of 681 Service members with a deployment-related lower limb amputation. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Clinical diagnosis codes associated with musculoskeletal overuse injuries of the lower limb, upper limb, and low back regions. link3 Results In the first three months after amputation, tobacco use and alcohol consumption were reported in 55.7% and 72.0% of the retrospective sample and the overall mean weight change was 22.9 ± 23.6 pounds. The prevalence of reporting at least one overuse injury within 4 to 12 months after amputation was 57.0% in the sample, with prevalence rates of lower limb, upper limb and low back pain diagnoses at 28.3%, 21.7%, and 21.1%, respectively. Service members reporting tobacco use in the first three months after amputation were nearly twice as likely to be diagnosed with a lower limb musculoskeletal injury in months 4 to 12 after amputation.