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When, however, the frequency of stimulus presentation either confirmed (Experiment 2) or disconfirmed (Experiment 3) prior expectations, stimulus prioritisation was observed for the most prevalent objects regardless of their owner. A hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) analysis further revealed that decisional bias was underpinned by differences in the evidential requirements of response generation. These findings underscore the flexibility of ownership effects (i.e., stimulus prioritisation) during object processing.Judo is a combat sport that involves throwing the opponent onto the back. When being thrown, head biomechanics may be related to head injury risk. This study aimed to assess head injury risks associated with four Judo techniques in children and adolescents with different experience levels. Twenty children ( less then 12 years) and 20 adolescents (≥ 12 years) judoka were recruited. Each group was divided into non-expert and expert. Two inertial sensors were fixed on fallers' head and torso. Two backward (o-soto-gari and o-uchi-gari) and two forward (ippon-seoi-nage and tai-otoshi) techniques were performed. Peak of linear and angular head acceleration magnitude, impact time duration, neck angle, and the Gadd Severity Index were assessed. Children did not show differences between techniques or experience levels. In contrast, adolescents showed greater linear acceleration peak in o-soto-gari than tai-otoshi (p = 0.03), greater angular acceleration peak in o-soto-gari and o-uchi-gari than ippon-seoi-nage (p less then 0.05), and greater neck flexion in o-uchi-gari than ippon-seoi-nage (p = 0.004). Compared to expert adolescents, non-expert adolescents showed greater angular acceleration peak, impact duration, and the Gadd Severity Index in o-soto-gari (p less then 0.05) and greater neck extension in o-uchi-gari (p = 0.02). Current results pointed out higher risks for adolescents judoka while being thrown with backward techniques, especially for non-expert participants. This study highlights the need of training athletes in controlling head and neck during back falls from a young age to become expert judoka in adulthood.PURPOSE Guidelines have differing recommendations for aspirin use in patients with an indication for anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of major bleeding and thromboembolic events (TEs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving warfarin alone (monotherapy group) versus warfarin plus aspirin (combination therapy group). METHODS This was a retrospective, cohort study including patients from a pharmacist-run anticoagulation clinic. Inclusion criteria were patients with AF receiving anticoagulation between January 2013 and January 2014 observed over 5 years. RESULTS One hundred forty-two patients were included in the combination group versus 89 in monotherapy group. In the combination group, 60 (42.3%) patients were on aspirin for no apparent indication, 19 (13.4%) had stable coronary artery disease and diabetes, and 26 (18.3%) had diabetes alone. Major bleeding occurred in 21 (14.9%) patients in the combination group versus 7 (7.9%) patients in the monotherapy group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78-5.91; P = .17). TE occurred in 10 (7%) patients in the combination group versus 4 (4.5%) in the monotherapy group (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 0.44-7.24; P = .57). RVX-208 in vivo There was no significant difference in bleeding (P = .85) or TE (P = .37) rates between aspirin indications in the combination group. CONCLUSION Combination therapy versus monotherapy may increase bleeding risk with little benefit in decreasing AF-related stroke or cardiovascular events.Knowledge of the kinematic differences that separate highly skilled and less-skilled squash players could assist the progression of talent development. This study compared trunk, upper-limb and racket kinematics between two groups of nine highly skilled and less-skilled male athletes for forehand drive, volley and drop strokes. A 15-camera motion analysis system recorded three-dimensional trajectories, with five shots analysed per participant per stroke. The highly skilled group had significantly (p less then  0.05) larger forearm pronation/supination range-of-motion and wrist extension angles at impact than the less-skilled. The less-skilled group had a significantly more "open" racket face and slower racket velocities at impact than the highly skilled. Rates of shoulder internal rotation, forearm pronation, elbow extension and wrist flexion at impact were greater in the drive stroke than in the other strokes. The position of the racket at impact in the volley was significantly more anterior to the shoulder than in the other strokes, with a smaller trunk rotation angular velocity. Players used less shoulder internal/external rotation, forearm pronation/supination, elbow and wrist flexion/extension ranges-of-motions and angular velocities at impact in the drop stroke than in the other strokes. These findings provide useful insights into the technical differences that separate highly skilled from less-skilled players and provide a kinematic distinction between stroke types.Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation (PCMS) is the repeated pairing of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with peripheral nerve stimulation to modify corticospinal synapses, however it has yet to be determined whether PCMS modulates cortical excitability in a manner similar to paired-associative stimulation protocols. In this study, we first examined the effects of PCMS on adductor pollicis motor evoked potentials (MEPs). In experiment 1, on two separate days PCMS (repetitive, high-intensity TMS and ulnar nerve stimulation pairs; 1.5 ms interstimulus interval; 0.1 Hz) was compared to control conditioning of repetitive high-intensity TMS-only stimuli (0.1 Hz). Before and after conditioning, adductor pollicis MEPs were elicited using low-intensity TMS in three different coil orientations to preferentially activate corticospinal axons directly (thus bypassing cortical effects) or indirectly (cortical effects present). Unexpectedly, similar MEP increases were seen for all orientations on both PCMS (129 to 136% of baseline) and control days (108 to 129% of baseline).