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No patients were positive for acid-fast bacteria other than MAC. Eighteen patients were positive for MAC antibodies (anti-glycopeptidolipid (GPL)-core IgA antibodies), including nine patients positive for mycobacterial culture. On BALF 16S rRNA gene sequencing, six patients were positive for the genus Mycobacterium and were culture-positive. Among the 16 patients in the non-MAC-LD group, the genus Pseudomonas was detected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 7 patients, 4 among whom were positive for MAC antibodies (anti-GPL-core IgA antibodies). Conversely, the genus Pseudomonas was not detected among the nine patients in the MAC-LD group. Other than the genus Pseudomonas, there was no clear difference in the composition of and no significant difference in the diversity of the bacterial flora between the MAC-LD and non-MAC-LD groups. However, we found that the genus Pseudomonas and MAC tended to exist exclusively.This research was conducted to develop the Dried Blood Spot (DBS) and Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) method in the analysis of Tamoxifen (TAM) and its metabolites endoxifen (END), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT), and N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT) using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This method was then applied to monitor TAM and its metabolites in breast cancer patients. The UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated with propranolol as the internal standard. The recovery and matrix effects on DBS and VAMS were investigated. The validation requirements were fulfilled by the methodology of analysis and sample preparation described in this study. Both VAMS and DBS extraction recoveries were satisfactory, with low variability. Extraction recovery in the VAMS sample was found to be slightly higher than in the DBS sample. Sample stability in DBS and VAMS was demonstrated for up to 2 months. Both of these methods were successfully applied for the analysis of TAM and metabolites in clinical patients. The mean concentrations obtained from the two methods were not significantly different.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-translated small ribonucleic acids (RNAs) measuring 21-25 nucleotides in length that play various roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). By regulating gene expression via either mediating translational repression or cleavage of the target RNA, miRNAs can alter the expression of transcripts in different cells, such as B lymphocytes, also known as B cells. They are crucial in the pathogenesis of MS; however, they have not been extensively studied during the treatment of some drugs such as natalizumab (NTZ). NTZ is a humanized immunoglobulin G4 antibody antagonist for integrin alpha 4 (α4) used in the treatment of MS. The drug reduces the homing of lymphocytes to inflammation sites. Integrin α4 expression on the cell surface of B cells is related to MS severity, indicating a critical component in the pathogenesis of the disease. NTZ plays an important role in modifying the gene expression in B cells and the levels of miRNAs in the treatment of MS. In this review, we have described changes in gene expression in B cells and the levels of miRNAs during NTZ therapy in MS and its relapse. Studies using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and those involving patients with MS have described changes in the levels of microRNAs in the regulation of proteins affected by specific miRNAs, gene expression in B cells, and certain functions of B cells as well as their subpopulations. Therefore, there is a possibility that some miRNAs could be studied at different stages of MS during NTZ treatment, and these specific miRNAs can be tested as markers of therapeutic response to this drug in future studies. Physiopathology, gene expression in B cells and their subpopulations can help understand this complex puzzle involving miRNAs and the therapeutic response of patients with MS.

Type 2 diabetes is a serious health challenge, and large-scale studies on its prevalence in Iran are lacking. In pharmacoepidemiology, case-finding can be done by reviewing the prescription databases for specific drug(s) prescribed for a disease. We aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Fars province, Iran, using prescription data and a stepwise approach to ascertain the results.

A dataset of 3,113 insured individuals aged ≥35 years were selected. Their Prescription Data Centre records were reviewed for all drugs frequently used in controlling type 2 diabetes available in the Iranian pharmacopeia. Then we used a stepwise method for case-finding. In step one, each individual with a positive drug history for type 2 diabetes was labeled as an individual with diabetes. The next two steps were implemented for ascertainment of step one estimations.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes based on prescription, internist opinion, and phone call verification in 2015 and 2016 was 9.3% and 10.3%, 8.5% and 9.8%, and 7.2% and 8.7%, respectively. An incidence of 1.9% was determined for 2016.

We obtained a realistic estimation of prevalence and incidence of treated type 2 diabetes, using prescription data which are large-scale, low cost, and real-time.

We obtained a realistic estimation of prevalence and incidence of treated type 2 diabetes, using prescription data which are large-scale, low cost, and real-time.

Health information security (IS) breaches are increasing with the use of information technology for health care services, and a strong security culture is important for driving employees' information asset protection behavior.

This study aimed to analyze differences in information security cultures (ISCs) across health care providers based on factors drawn from the ISC model.

We used twelve factors to measure the ISCs of health care providers. This research applied a survey method with the Kruskal-Wallis H Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test as data analysis techniques. We collected the data through a questionnaire distributed to 470 employees of health care facilities (i.e. hospitals, community health centers, and primary care clinics) in Indonesia.

The results revealed the differences between health care provider types for 9 of the 12 security culture factors. Top management support, change management, and knowledge were the differentiating factors between all types of health care providers. Organizational culture and security compliance only differed in primary care clinics. Meanwhile, security behavior, soft issues and workplace independence, information security policies, training, and awareness only differed in hospitals.

The results indicated that each type of health care provider required different approaches to develop an ISC considering the above factors. They provided insight for top management to design suitable programs for cultivating ISCs in their institutions.

The results indicated that each type of health care provider required different approaches to develop an ISC considering the above factors. They provided insight for top management to design suitable programs for cultivating ISCs in their institutions.There have been several recent attempts at using Artificial Intelligence systems to model aspects of consciousness (Gamez, 2008; Reggia, 2013). Deep Neural Networks have been given additional functionality in the present attempt, allowing them to emulate phenological aspects of consciousness by self-generating information representing multi-modal inputs as either sounds or images. We added these functions to determine whether knowledge of the input's modality aids the networks' learning. In some cases, these representations caused the model to be more accurate after training and for less training to be required for the model to reach its highest accuracy scores.

Essential oils from plants are recognized as one of the most promising secondary metabolites for the development of cheap and safer drugs. While

has been prominently used in folk medicine for the treatment of microbial infections, there is dearth of information on the pharmacological effectiveness and chemical composition of its essential oil. The study, therefore, aimed at identifying the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil of



In this study, the essential oil was extracted with all-glass Clevenger. The antioxidant activities of the essential oil and antibacterial susceptibility assay by agar well diffusion techniques were assessed while GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the chemical constituents of the essential oil.

The study showed that the radical scavenging activity of the essential oil increases as the concentration of the essential oil increases. All bacterial isolates were susceptible to essential oil with the exception of

and

producing inhibitiee radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress and disease. Oxidative stress resulting from imbalance between excessive generation of free radicals and inadequate antioxidant defense system has been linked to pathogenesis of many diseases. The essential oil of E. caffra stem bark extract possess antimicrobial and good antioxidant activities and its rich level of phytochemicals can be used as either dietary or complementary agents.Previous research has emphasized the need to further investigate the impact of manufacturing complexity on company strategies and performance in developing countries' manufacturing sector. Indonesia is one such developing country where this relationship has yet to be adequately studied. The manufacturing industry sector is expected to drive Indonesia's economic growth to achieve the targeted average growth of 6% per year in the next five years. ACBI1 solubility dmso This study aimed to examine the relationship between manufacturing complexity, manufacturing strategies (cost, delivery, flexibility, and quality), and manufacturing performance of Indonesian automotive component manufacturing industries. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed in the investigation. The sample size comprised 72 automotive component manufacturing companies located in the Jakarta region. Results indicated that the higher the value of manufacturing complexity, the higher the manufacturing strategies should be prioritized. The manufacturing strategy related to quality, particularly, has a significant positive impact on manufacturing performance. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed examination of the relationship between manufacturing complexity, manufacturing strategies, and manufacturing performance, particularly in developing countries. The results are expected to fill the existing research gaps.The health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) have recently increased awareness of the need for countries to increase fiscal space for health. Prior to these, many Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) had embraced the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and have either commenced or are in the process of implementing various models of health insurance in order to provide financial access to health care to their populations. While evidence of a relationship between experimentation with UHC and increased access to and utilisation of health care in LMICs is common, there is inadequate research evidence on the specific health financing model that is most appropriate for pursuing the objectives of UHC in these settings. Drawing on a synthesis of empirical and theoretical discourses on the feasibility of UHC in LMICs, this paper argues that the journey towards UHC is not a 'one size fits all' process, but a long-term policy engagement that requires adaptation to the specific socio-cultural and political economy contexts of implementing countries.