Bairdcurran2186

The article presents a method to estimate multiple phase maps from a moiré fringe signal obtained using digital holographic interferometry. The proposed method uses a unitary transformation based signal subspace approach, and shows high robustness against noise. In addition, the method facilitates the estimation of multiple phase maps in a single shot operation without the need for spectral filtering or multiple images. The computational efficiency of the method was improved by a high performance implementation using a graphics processing unit. The practical utility of the proposed method is demonstrated using simulation and experiment results.A novel high-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor is reported, to the best of our knowledge. The sensitivity of the sensor is improved by fixing the FBG on an elastic substrate with a sensitization function. The sensitization principle of the designed sensor is introduced, and the mathematical model of the sensor is established. In the static and dynamic experiments of the sensor, the effect of adhesive between the sensor and the measured structure on the sensitivity of the FBG strain sensor is experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the adhesive with high shear strength is beneficial to the realization of a high-sensitivity sensor. The sensor fixed with planting bar glue can achieve a sensitivity of 9.42 pm/µε, a repeatability error of 4.79%, and a hysteresis error of 3.36%, which is consistent with theoretical and simulation results. The designed high-sensitivity strain sensor has a simple structure, small size, and convenient installation, so it has a good application prospect in micro-strain monitoring.Universal gates (NAND and NOR) are used for any electronic circuit that is affordable and straightforward to build all logic gates (LoG). In this work, the T-shaped 2D photonic crystal (PhC) is exploited to design a three-input universal LoG premised on the beam-interference principle. The design criteria of pitch (a), rod radius (r), and refractive index (n) are employed to obtain a high impact output. The methodologies of plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain are employed for examining the framework of universal LoG at 1550 nm wavelengths (λ). The suggested universal LoG design has a compact size of 8.4µm×4.8µm. Additionally, the structure yields a high contrast ratio (CR) of 20.37 dB for the NAND LoG and 28.45 dB for the NOR LoG, and maximum transmission efficiency of 50.6% and 70% for the NAND and NOR gates; correspondingly, the best and worst three-input NAND gate response times are 19.5 ps and 21.4 ps. Similarly, the response time of the three-input NOR gate is 26 ps. The proposed universal gate's primary goal is to offer a high CR and a compact structure while being compatible with any other logic gate.In this paper, a graphene-based (MIMO) antenna is designed and examined. Two unique properties of the proposed terahertz (THz) MIMO antenna are (1) circular polarization is achieved through an asymmetrical cross slot, etched over the graphene patch; and (2) a bidirectional radiation pattern is achieved through oppositely oriented identical antenna ports. Mutual coupling between the antenna ports is less than -35dB. Due to the inclusion of the pattern diversity concept, a low value of envelope correlation coefficient is achieved. The proposed THz radiator operates over the frequency range of 4.67-4.87 THz, along with a 3 dB axial ratio between 4.76 and 4.81 THz. This type of antenna is widely employable for biomedical applications.Immunotherapy has been approved for stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as consolidation therapy after chemoradiation in patients whose disease does not progress after chemoradiation. However, many patients do not receive chemoradiation due to either the drugs' side effects or poor performance status. This study's objective is to investigate the association of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy or Radiotherapy (RT) with the overall survival (OS) of stage III NSCLC patients who do not receive chemoradiation. Patients with stage III NSCLC who received either chemotherapy or RT with or without immunotherapy were identified from NCDB. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was implied to assess the effect of immunotherapy on survival after adjusting the model for age at diagnosis, race, sex, education, treatment facility type, insurance status, comorbidity score, histology year of diagnosis, and treatment types, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The final analysis included 32,328 patients, among whom 3,205 (9.9%) received immunotherapy. In the multivariable analysis adjusted for all the factors previously mentioned, immunotherapy was associated with significantly improved OS (HR 0.76, CI 0.71-0.81) compared with no immunotherapy. Treatment with chemotherapy plus immunotherapy was significantly associated with improved OS (HR 0.83, CI 0.77-0.90) compared with chemotherapy without immunotherapy. Further, RT plus immunotherapy was associated with significantly improved OS (HR 0.62, CI 0.54-0.70) compared with RT alone. In this comprehensive analysis, the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy or radiotherapy was associated with improved OS compared with chemotherapy or radiation therapy without immunotherapy in stage III NSCLC patients.Optical phase conjugation is a known technique for optically reproducing an object behind a scattering medium. Here we present digital optical phase conjugation through scattering media with spatially and temporally incoherent light. This enables us to eliminate the inevitable light coherence and the need for interferometric measurement for optical phase conjugation. Moreover, we show a method for suppressing background noise, which is critical in incoherent optical phase conjugation. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate the proposed method with background suppression.Thermally expanded core (TEC) technology is an effective method of high-power fiber lasers. Miniaturization is also a major challenge for high-power lasers. We have proposed a miniaturized mode-locker based on TEC fiber and MoTe2-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. The proposed mode-locker is consisting of two TEC ferrules, a piece of MoTe2-PVA film and a ceramic sleeve. The length of the proposed device is about 20 mm, and its outer diameter is about 2 mm. The relations between heating time, heating temperature, and mode field diameter (MFD) have been numerically simulated. The bending loss with respect to MFD has also been analyzed. The simulation results have revealed the trade-off relation between maximal tolerable intensity and low cavity loss, which means that there is an optimal MFD corresponding to optimal heating time and heating temperature. The proposed mode-locker has been applied in an integrated fiber laser, which has emitted ultrafast soliton with 3 times intensity larger than that of conventional sandwiched-type saturable absorber. The proposed mode-locker and fiber laser will find important applications in laser processing, laser ranging, and optical communication.A novel algorithm for closed fringe demodulation for an absolute phase estimation, to the best of our knowledge, is proposed. The two-dimensional phase is represented as a weighted linear combination of a certain number of Zernike polynomials (ZPs). Essentially, the problem of phase estimation is converted into the estimation of ZP coefficients. The task of ZP coefficient estimation is performed based on a state space model. Due to the nonlinear dependence of the fringe intensity measurement model on the ZP coefficients, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used for the state estimation. A pseudo-measurement model is considered based on the state vector sparsity constraint to improve the convergence performance of the EKF. Simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the noise robustness and the practical applicability of the proposed method.Multiple scattering is always present in LiDAR measurements. It is one of the major causes of LiDAR signal depolarization when detecting backscattering from water clouds. For a given probing wavelength, the LiDAR signal is a function of the aerosol size distribution, cloud range, and optical depth, and of the LiDAR field of view (FoV). We present a relatively simple polarimetric multiple scattering model. selleck inhibitor It uses Poisson statistics to determine the photons' scattering order distribution at a given optical depth and takes into account the aerosol's properties as well as the characteristics of the LiDAR. The results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations performed on two types of cumulus clouds and on a moderate water fog. Good agreement is demonstrated for the total LiDAR signal and the depolarization parameter for a FoV of 1 mrad and a large FoV of 12 mrad.An upgraded droplet-size measurement method, based on laser interference particle imaging (IPI) technology, is applied to accomplish high-precision measurement of particle size and spatial distribution of gas-liquid two-phase flow in the atomization field. In this study, an improved morphological-Hough transform interference fringe location algorithm is applied to IPI measurement. The particle size of the standard particle field with a diameter of 24 µm is measured by the upgraded IPI measurement experimentally, whose absolute error and relative error are 0.14 µm and 0.58%, respectively. The atomization field of the 400 µm centrifugal nozzle under different pressures is demonstrated by direct imaging and IPI technology, where the assessment results are evaluated by SMD value and particle size distribution, and the results exhibit good agreement.A reflective-type polarization wavelength filter was fabricated by anodizing a Ti grating film. This polarization filter consisted of a Ti film, an anodized titanium oxide film (thickness ∼25nm), and a photoresist grating with a pitch of 410 nm. The reflectance was less than 10% for both polarizations at 490-675 nm at an incident angle of 9°. In addition, the transverse electric (TE) reflectance of the fabricated element was over 40%, whereas the transverse magnetic (TM) reflectance was 25.8% at 375 nm. Upon increasing the incident angle to 75°, the TE reflectance increased to 77.8% at 375 nm, whereas the TM reflectance decreased to 5.9%.We propose a microsphere-assisted Fabry-Perot interferometry (MAFPI) for microstructure measurement. We stretch the single-mode fiber and combine it with microspheres of different sizes and refractive indices, which can form super-focused spots with different characteristics, that is, a photonic nanojet phenomenon. As a proof of principle, we performed scanning imaging of optical discs and holographic gratings by MAFPI. The optical disc image obtained by MAFPI is consistent with the result obtained by a scanning electron microscope, and the obtained grating image is consistent with the actual result.This paper presents a new model, to the best of our knowledge, of a mixed underlay cognitive radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) system in which both RF and FSO links consider multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC). In a dual-hop decode-and-forward configuration, the underlay cognitive radio network RF and FSO links experience κ-μ and Γ-Γ fading, respectively. For the above system model, a closed expression for the outage probability of the mixed underlay cognitive RF/FSO system with MIMO-OSTBC is derived, and the simulation results are verified using the Monte Carlo method. The results show that considering MIMO-OSTBC in all links of the mixed underlay cognitive RF/FSO system can effectively improve the communication performance of the mixed system and alleviate the degradation in the communication quality caused by the atmospheric turbulence. The communication performance of the MIMO-OSTBC mixed underlay cognitive RF/FSO system is further improved by changing the key parameters, such as peak transmit power, fading parameters, the number of secondary user transmit antennas and relay receive antennas, and relative speed of the primary user.